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. 2021 Jan 21;11:2061. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81548-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Field relevant concentrations of neonicotinoids reduced behavioural rhythmicity. (a) Representative actograms of the activity of single flies for control or 50 μg/L imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam or thiacloprid. Blue bars indicate activity, grey background indicates lights off, white background lights on. Mean rhythmicity for flies exposed to 1, 10 or 50 μg/L (b) IM (F_3,112 = 2.5, p = 0.060), (c) CLO (F_3,116 = 14.2, p < 0.001), (d) TMX (F_3,118 = 23.7, p < 0.001) and (e) TCL (F_3,118 = 0.05, p = 0.987). Each data point represents a single fly, n = 28–32 flies per treatment. Pie charts show the increase in the proportion of the population who were arrhythmic (rhythmicity statistic (RS) ≤ 1.5) for 50 μg/L: (f) IM, (g) CLO, (h) TMX and (i) TCL, compared to controls.