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. 2021 Jan 21;11:2061. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81548-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Field relevant concentrations of neonicotinoids disrupt the day/night remodelling and PDF cycling in the s-LNv clock neuron dorsal terminals. (a) Representative confocal images of the s-LNv dorsal terminals for control and treated (50 µg/L IM or CLO) flies in the day (ZT2 i.e. 11am) and night (ZT14 i.e. 11 pm). (b) s-LNv dorsal terminal branching complexity is greater in the day than at night for control flies (t₁₇ = 2.3, p = 0.036). The day/night differences in complexity is removed in flies exposed to 50 µg/L of IM (t₁₄ = 2.1, p = 0.055) or CLO (t₁₅ = 2.1, p = 0.052). (c) Accumulation of PDF in dorsal terminals is greater in the day than at night in control flies (t₁₇ = 2.9, p = 0.010), treatment with 50 µg/L IM (t₁₃ = 1.0, p = 0.332) or CLO (t₁₄ = 2.1, p = 0.054) removed this day/night difference in PDF levels. Each data point represents a single brain, n = 6–15 brains.