Table 3.
| References | Study details | Coagulation parameters | Notable findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flanders et al. (48) | • Study population: Healthy older children and adolescents (7–16 years old) at a single center • Sample size: 887 total patients, 75–245 patients in each 2–3 year age cohort • Relevant methods: STA-R coagulation analyzer |
• Global: Fibrinogen • Coagulation: FII, FV, FVII, FX, • Fibrinolysis: α2-AP, plasminogen • Inhibitors: AT, protein C, protein S |
General findings: • Similar maturation patterns but different absolute values were identified compared to the Andrew et al. series Unique findings (median values): • Protein S: • Females: 101–103% between 7 and 17 years old compared to 98% in adults* • Male: 116% at 16–17 years old compared to 108% in adults* |
| Monagle et al. (49) | • Study population: Newborns (day of life 1, 3), infants, children, and adolescents (1 month to 16 years old) at a single center • Sample size: 159 newborns and 458 patients 1 month to 16 years of age • Relevant methods: STA compact analyzer, chromogenic assays, functional clotting assays |
• Global: aPTT, fibrinogen, INR, PT, TT • Coagulation: FII, FV, FVII, FVIII, FIX, FX, FXI, FXII • Fibrinolysis: D-dimer • Inhibitors: AT, protein C, protein S • Others: ETP, TFPI (free, total) |
General findings: • While mirroring the trends described by Andrew et al. differences in the absolute values of coagulation assays with most measures proportionally increased in all age-groups were demonstrated Unique findings (mean values): • D-dimers: • 1.34–1.47 in neonates compared to 0.18 in adults* • 0.25–0.27 between 1 and 16 years old compared to 0.18 in adults* • ETP: • 4,429–5,363 between 1 month and 10 years old compared to 8,475 in adults* • Free TFPI: • 7.13 between 1 month and 1 year old compared to 10.7 in adults* • 6.69–7.66 between 6 and 16 years old compared to 10.7 in adults* |
| Appel et al. (50) | • Study population: Full term infants and children age 0–17 years old and adults between the ages of 20 and 49 years old • Sample size: 218 children and 52 adults • Relevant methods: Sysmex CA-1500 System, Behring BCS System |
• Global: aPTT, BT, fibrinogen, PT, TT • Coagulation: FII, FV, FVII, FVIII, FIX, FX, FXI, FXII, FXIII, vWf • Fibrinolysis: α2-AP, D-dimer, plasminogen • Inhibitors: AT, protein C, protein S |
General findings: • Differences in coagulation markers were most significant in infants <12 months compared to older children / adults • vWf antigen and activity were higher in infants compared to older children • Levels in non-O blood groups reached their nadir at 12 months then gradually increased toward adult levels, while these nadirs were less distinct in the O blood group Unique findings (median values using the BCS system): • vWf antigen: • 97% in non-O blood groups compared to 71% in the O blood group at 1–5 years old# • 118% in non-O blood groups compared to 99% in O the blood group at >19 years old# • vWF, ristocetin cofactor: • 82% in non-O blood groups compared to 66% in the O blood group at 1–5 years old# • 106% in non-O blood groups compared to 82% in the O blood group at >19 years old# • Factor VIII: • 121% in non-O blood groups compared to 100% in the O blood group at 1–5 years old# • 105% in non-O blood groups compared to 90% in the O blood groups at 6–10 years old# • 131% in non-O blood groups compared to 116% in the O blood group at >19 year old# |
| Attard et al. (51) | • Study population: Newborns (day of life 1, 3), infants, children, and adolescents (1 month to 16 years old) • Sample size: 120 patients • Relevant methods: ELISA |
• Coagulation: FII, FV, FVII, FVIII, FIX, FX, FXI, FXII, FXIII • Fibrinolysis: Plasminogen • Inhibitors: AT, protein C, protein S (total, free) |
General findings: • Combined results from the study cohorts demonstrated differences in line with prior studies along with a high level of interindividual variability in specific protein levels |
| Toulon et al. (52) | • Study population: Infants, children, and adolescents between 15 days and 17 years old across 7 study centers • Sample size: 1,437 total infants, children, and adolescents • Relevant methods: Clotting assays, latex agglutination, chromogenic analysis, colorimetric analysis |
• Global: aPTT, fibrinogen, PT • Coagulation: FII, FV, FVII, FVIII, FIX, FX, FXI, FXII, FXIII, vWf • Fibrinolysis: D-dimer, plasminogen • Inhibitors: AT, protein C, protein S |
General findings: • Values followed similar patterns as prior studies and were not significantly different between the seven study centers |
aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; α2-AP, α2-antiplasmin; AT, antithrombin or antithrombin III; BT, bleeding time; ETP, endogenous thrombin potential; F, factor; INR, international normalized ratio; PT, prothrombin time; TFPI, tissue factor plasmin inhibitor; TT, thrombin clotting time; vWf, von Willebrand factor.
*
Indicates findings statistically significant from adult values.
#
Indicates statistically significant findings between blood groups.