TABLE 4.
Two-level ordered logistic models estimating mother–child closeness (N = 18445).
|
Sibship size |
Birth order |
|||||
| Model a1 | Model a2 | Model a3 | Model b1 | Model b2 | Model b3 | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Child with 1 sibling (only child) | −0.12** | −0.11* | 0.03 | |||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.06) | ||||
| Child with 2 + siblings (only child) | −0.25*** | −0.18** | 0.14 | |||
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.08) | ||||
| Firstborn (only child) | −0.21** | −0.29*** | –0.15 | |||
| (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.08) | ||||
| Middleborn (only child) | –0.24 | −0.27* | –0.08 | |||
| (0.13) | (0.13) | (0.17) | ||||
| Lastborn (only child) | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.28*** | |||
| (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.08) | ||||
| Total number of children in the family | –0.05 | –0.00 | –0.00 | |||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | ||||
| Daughter | 0.11** | 0.36*** | 0.17*** | 0.37*** | ||
| (0.04) | (0.06) | (0.04) | (0.06) | |||
| Grade 9 | −0.34*** | −0.33*** | −0.34*** | −0.33*** | ||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||
| Minority | –0.07 | –0.07 | –0.06 | –0.06 | ||
| (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | |||
| Cognitive score | –0.01 | –0.01 | –0.01 | –0.01 | ||
| (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |||
| Academic performance | 0.18*** | 0.19*** | 0.19*** | 0.19*** | ||
| (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |||
| Boarding | 0.28*** | 0.29*** | 0.29*** | 0.29*** | ||
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |||
| Living with one parent (both parents) | −0.25*** | −0.26*** | −0.25*** | −0.26*** | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||
| Living with no parent (both parents) | −0.43*** | −0.43*** | −0.42*** | −0.42*** | ||
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |||
| Good marital quality of parents | 0.98*** | 0.98*** | 0.98*** | 0.98*** | ||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||
| Medium income (low) | 0.14** | 0.14** | 0.13** | 0.13** | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||
| High income (low) | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | ||
| (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | |||
| Maternal education is junior high (<Junior high) | 0.20*** | 0.20*** | 0.21*** | 0.21*** | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||
| Maternal education higher than junior high (<Junior high) | 0.27*** | 0.26*** | 0.29*** | 0.28*** | ||
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |||
| Paternal education is junior high (<Junior high) | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.06 | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||
| Paternal education higher than junior high (<Junior high) | 0.13* | 0.13* | 0.15* | 0.15* | ||
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |||
| Urban hukou | –0.00 | –0.01 | –0.00 | –0.01 | ||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||
| Parental age at birth was 25–29 (18–24) | –0.04 | –0.05 | −0.11* | −0.11* | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||
| Parental age at birth was 30–34 (18–24) | 0.03 | 0.01 | –0.13 | –0.13 | ||
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | |||
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Parental age at birth was 35 and above (18–24) | 0.10 | 0.07 | –0.11 | –0.11 | ||
| (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.10) | |||
| Parental age at birth was missing (18–24) | −0.20*** | −0.22*** | −0.27*** | −0.27*** | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||
| Interactions | ||||||
| Child with 1 sibling × Daughter | −0.34*** | |||||
| (0.08) | ||||||
| Child with 2 + siblings × Daughter | −0.64*** | |||||
| (0.11) | ||||||
| Firstborn × Daughter | −0.31*** | |||||
| (0.09) | ||||||
| Middleborn × Daughter | −0.37* | |||||
| (0.16) | ||||||
| Lastborn × Daughter | −0.37*** | |||||
| (0.09) | ||||||
| Random effects | ||||||
| Between-school variance | 0.21*** | 0.17*** | 0.17*** | 0.21*** | 0.16*** | 0.17*** |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
| Observations | 18,445 | 18,445 | 18,445 | 18,445 | 18,445 | 18,445 |
| Number of groups | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 |
Reference categories in the parentheses of the first column; Standard errors in parentheses.
***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.