TABLE 5.
Two-level ordered logistic models estimating father–child closeness (N = 18,445).
|
Sibship size |
Birth order |
|||||
| Model a1 | Model a2 | Model a3 | Model b1 | Model b2 | Model b3 | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Child with 1 sibling (only child) | −0.12** | −0.15*** | –0.03 | |||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.05) | ||||
| Child with 2 + siblings (only child) | −0.20*** | −0.18** | 0.15 | |||
| (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.08) | ||||
| Firstborn (only child) | −0.24*** | −0.29*** | −0.16* | |||
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.07) | ||||
| Middleborn (only child) | –0.19 | –0.22 | 0.08 | |||
| (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.16) | ||||
| Lastborn (only child) | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.17* | |||
| (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.08) | ||||
| Total Number of children in the family | –0.03 | –0.00 | –0.01 | |||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | ||||
| Daughter | −0.13*** | 0.07 | −0.09** | 0.07 | ||
| (0.03) | (0.05) | (0.03) | (0.05) | |||
| Grade 9 | −0.33*** | −0.33*** | −0.33*** | −0.33*** | ||
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |||
| Minority | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.07 | ||
| (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | |||
| Cognitive score | –0.03 | –0.04 | –0.03 | –0.04 | ||
| (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |||
| Academic performance | 0.12*** | 0.12*** | 0.12*** | 0.12*** | ||
| (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |||
| Boarding | 0.17** | 0.18*** | 0.17*** | 0.18*** | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||
| Living with one parent (both parents) | −0.53*** | −0.54*** | −0.54*** | −0.54*** | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||
| Living with no parent (both parents) | −0.29*** | −0.29*** | −0.28*** | −0.28*** | ||
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |||
| Good marital quality of parents | 1.11*** | 1.11*** | 1.11*** | 1.11*** | ||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||
| Medium income (low) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | ||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||
| High income (low) | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.12 | ||
| (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | |||
| Maternal education is junior high (<Junior high) | 0.09* | 0.09* | 0.10* | 0.10* | ||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||
| Maternal education higher than junior high (<Junior high) | 0.15** | 0.15** | 0.17** | 0.16** | ||
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |||
| Paternal education is junior high (<Junior high) | 0.18*** | 0.18*** | 0.19*** | 0.19*** | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||
| Paternal education higher than junior high (<Junior high) | 0.25*** | 0.24*** | 0.26*** | 0.26*** | ||
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |||
| Urban hukou | –0.07 | −0.08* | –0.07 | –0.08 | ||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||
| Parental age at birth was 25–29 (18–24) | 0.03 | 0.02 | –0.02 | –0.02 | ||
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||
| Parental age at birth was 30–34 (18–24) | 0.21*** | 0.19** | 0.08 | 0.08 | ||
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |||
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Parental age at birth was 35 and above (18–24) | 0.36*** | 0.34*** | 0.20* | 0.21* | ||
| (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | |||
| Parental age at birth was missing (18–24) | –0.02 | –0.03 | –0.07 | –0.07 | ||
| (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.05) | |||
| Interactions | ||||||
| Child with 1 sibling × Daughter | −0.26*** | |||||
| (0.07) | ||||||
| Child with 2 + siblings × Daughter | −0.61*** | |||||
| (0.10) | ||||||
| Firstborn × Daughter | −0.25** | |||||
| (0.08) | ||||||
| Middleborn × Daughter | −0.48** | |||||
| (0.15) | ||||||
| Lastborn × Daughter | −0.30*** | |||||
| (0.08) | ||||||
| Random effects | ||||||
| Between-school variance | 0.15*** | 0.12*** | 0.12*** | 0.15*** | 0.12*** | 0.12*** |
| (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |
| Observations | 18,445 | 18,445 | 18,445 | 18,445 | 18,445 | 18,445 |
| Number of groups | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 |
Reference categories in the parentheses of the first column; Standard errors in parentheses.
***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.