Table 2.
Cox Proportional Hazard Ratios for MACE Risk Among Stress-Exposed Individuals Using AmygA as a Predictor (Standardized Continuous Variable)
| Stress-Exposed Subgroups |
Models | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individuals exposed to ≥1 stressor* (n=166) | Model 1 | 1.624 (1.205–2.188) | 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.438 (1.026–2.016) | 0.035 | |
| Model 3 | 1.927 (1.370–2.711) | <0.001 | |
| Model 4 | 1.900 (1.347–2.680) | <0.001 | |
| Model 5 | 1.600 (1.173–2.182) | 0.003 | |
| Individuals exposed to ≥2 stressors* (n=66) | Model 1 | 1.604 (1.163–2.211) | 0.004 |
| Model 2 | 1.432 (0.830–2.470) | 0.197 | |
| Model 3 | 2.219 (1.346–3.658) | 0.002 | |
| Model 4 | 2.200 (1.335–3.623) | 0.002 | |
| Model 5 | 1.595 (1.136–2.240) | 0.007 | |
| Individuals exposed to high noise† (n=89) | Model 1 | 1.499 (1.073–2.094) | 0.018 |
| Model 2 | 1.467 (0.975–2.205) | 0.066 | |
| Model 3 | 1.962 (1.302–2.957) | 0.001 | |
| Model 4 | 2.099 (1.382–3.188) | 0.001 | |
| Model 5 | 1.477 (1.042–2.092) | 0.028 | |
| Individuals exposed to low income‡ (n=94) | Model 1 | 1.747 (1.289–2.369) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.468 (1.029–2.095) | 0.034 | |
| Model 3 | 2.242 (1.429–3.519) | <0.001 | |
| Model 4 | 4.075 (1.630–10.188) | 0.003 | |
| Model 5 | 1.747 (1.289–2.369) | <0.001 | |
| Individuals exposed to high crime§ (n=72) | Model 1 | 1.842 (1.272–2.668) | 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.827 (1.183–2.820) | 0.007 | |
| Model 3 | 2.023 (1.311–3.122) | 0.001 | |
| Model 4 | 1.623 (1.125–2.341) | 0.010 | |
| Model 5 | 1.770 (1.207–2.597) | 0.003 |
Number of subjects analyzed in each stressor subgroup indicated in parenthesis. Model 1—univariable; Model 2—age and sex; Model 3—CVD risk factors∥; Model 4-Factors differing between individuals with vs without MACE (age, current smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, Framingham risk score, statin therapy, history of cancer, noise exposure); Model 5—Univariable predictors of AmygA (Race, marital status, and number of stressors). AmygA indicates amygdalar activity; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; and MACE, major adverse cardiovascular disease event.
Living in areas with environmental noise exposure >45 dbA, highest tertile crime rate, and/or lowest tertile household income
Living in areas with environmental noise exposure >45 dbA.
Living in areas with household income in the lowest tertile.
Living in areas with the highest tertile of crime rate.
CVD risk factors (age, sex, current smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia).