Figure 2.

A better understanding of the effect of vaccines in men and women can result in a balanced vaccine response. While NSE of vaccination may improve immune responses to pathogens, negative effects on immunity have also been described in females in specific contexts. In addition, reactogenicity is generally increased in females and may affect the safety profile of vaccines for women and girls. Immunogenicity, however, seems to also generally be increased in females and may therefore affect vaccine efficacy in this population. To achieve an equally beneficial vaccine for men and women, we may administer different doses (1), different intervals (2) or different vaccine candidates (3) (viral vector, nucleosid vaccines, inactivated viruses, proteins).