Table 1.

Animal model long bone characteristics

	Small mammal	Large mammal	NHP and human
Sexual maturity age	Murine: 6–8 weeks 7	Canine: 7–21 months 8	Human: ~17 years 9
	Rat: 6 weeks 10	Ovine: 7–8 months 11	NHP: 4–6 years 12
	Lapin: 10–12 weeks 13	Porcine: 5–6 months 11
		Equine: 7–14 months 10
Skeletal maturity age	Murine: 16–24 weeks	Canine: 10–11 months	Human: ~25 years
(Growth plate closure age/life expectancy age x 100) 14	(13.9–27.8) 7	(4.3–6.9) 8	(16.7–25) 15
	Rat: 24–32 weeks	Ovine: ~40 months	NHP: 7.2‐10 years
	(22–35) 10	(9.4) 16	(11.2–17.5) 17 , 18
	Lapin: 28–30 weeks	Porcine: 18–22 months 11 , 19 , 20
	(5.5–8.1) 13	Bovine: 12‐37 months
		(6.7–20.1) 14
		Equine: ~3 years
		(5.8–6.3) 21
Fractional area of secondary bone (FASB)	Rat: minimal 22	Ovine: 2%–91% 23	Human: ≈48% 24
	Lapin: minimal 25	Bovine: ≈11% 24	NHP: 61%–74% 26
		Equine: 5%–75% 23 , 27
Bone remodeling period	Murine: ~2 weeks 7	Canine: ~2 months 28 , 29	Human: 6–9 months 7
	Rat: ~6 days 30	Ovine: ~80 days 31	NHP: 8–24 months 32
	Lapin: 70 days 33	Porcine: 1–5 months 32
Bone formation rate/bone volume (BFR/BV) at skeletal maturity (bone type)	Murinea: ≈1900% (cancellous) 34 , 35 , 36	Canine: 0.5%–6.4% (cortical) 28 , 37 , 38	Human: 3%–4% (cortical) 39 , 40 , 41
	Rat: ≈19% (cortical) 42	20%–50% (cancellous) 38	≈26.3% (cancellous) 43
	≈1158% (cancellous) 44	Ovine: 55%–72% (cancellous) 45	NHP: 13%–38% (cancellous) 46 , 47
	Lapin: ≈20.7% (cortical) 33	Porcine: ≈53% (cancellous) 32
		Equine: ≈10% (cortical) 48
Pelvic limb axial force	Lapin: 201% BW 49	Caprine: ≈100% BW 50 , 51	Human: 470% BW 52
		Ovine: 48% BW 53

Abbreviations: BW, body weight; NHP, nonhuman primate.

^akeletally immature.