Figure 2.

a) Top: REG labeling with Ag⁰NPs and the NREG‐specific action of cellobiohydrolase II. Bottom: TEM image of Cladophora cellulose with the visualized the Ag⁰‐labeled REGs (filled arrow) and the NREGs (empty arrow). ^[20] Adapted with permission from the National Academy of Sciences (1997). b) Top: Representation of the conversion of ramie cellulose I microcrystals to cellulose II (antiparallel chains; dark dots: chain ends “up”, white dots: chain ends “down”) during mercerization. Bottom: TEM images of mercerized ramie with Au⁰NPs on both microcrystal ends. ^[54] The molecular orientation of cellulose II was identified by electron diffraction (inset). Modified with permission from ACS (2006).