Fig 3.

Geo‐climate evolution and biological diversification of tropical African biodiversity. (A) Global temperature change during the Cenozoic (Hansen et al., 2008) and major climate and tectonic events across Africa. KPB, Cretaceous–Paleogene Boundary; PETM, Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum; EECO, Early Eocene Climatic Optimum; MECO, Mid‐Eocene Climatic Optimum; EOT, Eocene–Oligocene transition; MCO, Miocene Climatic Optimum; MCT, Miocene Climate Transition; PPT, Pliocene–Pleistocene Transition. (B) Temporal representation of major uplift and volcanic events in central and eastern Africa (Sepulchre et al., 2006; Guillocheau et al., 2015, 2018). (C) Origin of major mountain peaks, lakes and arid regions in Africa (Marzoli et al., 2000; Gehrke & Linder, 2014; Zhang et al., 2014). (D) Origin of extant species of plants and animals based on time‐calibrated molecular phylogenies (see Appendix S1). (E) Crown node mean age estimates of plant and animal genera based on time‐calibrated molecular phylogenies (see Appendix S1).