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. 2020 Sep 13;96(1):16–51. doi: 10.1111/brv.12644

Fig 4.

Fig 4

Schematic representations of three selected mechanisms of speciation relevant to tropical Africa. The fragmentation–refugia mechanism is an example of the geographic model, the ecotone speciation mechanism is an example of the ecological model, and the vanishing refugia mechanism has elements of both model types. The figure provides predictions in relation to rate of speciation, and the roles of ecology, phylogenetic niche conservatism and climate change in the speciation processes (see Table 1 for further details). The time axis is not equivalent between mechanisms.