Fig. 3.

Maternal loss experienced by F₁ mothers results in increased mortality for F₂ offspring. The closed circles show, for each primate population, the magnitude and direction of the mortality coefficient estimates (equivalent to the log of the hazard ratio) for the association between F₂ offspring mortality and maternal loss experienced by the F₁ generation, 95% CIs. The vertical dashed line at a coefficient estimate of zero indicates no effect, with positive values indicating increased mortality and hence reduced survival. *P ≤ 0.05.