Table 1.

Results of mixed effects Cox proportional hazards models that predict offspring survival in years 0 to 2 as a function of impending maternal death

Species	Coefficient estimate	SE	z value	P value	HR estimate [95% CI]	In expected direction?
All species combined*	0.35	0.08	4.54	<0.0001	1.42 [1.22, 1.65]	Yes
All species, except baboons*	0.39	0.09	4.16	<0.0001	1.47 [1.22, 1.76]	Yes
Muriquis	0.81	0.36	2.24	0.03	2.24 [1.11, 4.55]	Yes
Chimpanzees	0.78	0.32	2.49	0.01	2.18 [1.17, 4.08]	Yes
Capuchins (Santa Rosa)	0.45	0.30	1.49	0.14	1.57 [0.87, 2.82]	Yes
Capuchins (Lomas Barbudal)	0.57	0.25	2.29	0.02	1.77 [1.08, 2.89]	Yes
Capuchins (combined)†	0.50	0.19	2.64	0.008	1.65 [1.14, 2.39]	Yes
Baboons	0.29	0.13	2.17	0.03	1.34 [1.04, 1.72]	Yes
Sifakas	0.28	0.14	2.01	0.045	1.33 [1.01, 1.76]	Yes
Gorillas	0.29	0.53	0.55	0.59	1.34 [0.47, 3.78]	Yes
Blue monkeys	0.08	0.22	0.38	0.70	1.08 [0.70, 1.67]	Yes

All models include site-specific random effects of birth year and random effects of maternal ID. Bold values refer to a statistically significant effect (P < 0.05) or an estimate in the expected direction (“In expected direction?” is “Yes”).

^*Model also included random effect of study ID.

^†Model also included fixed effect of study ID.