Skip to main content
. 2021 Jan 8;11:606089. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.606089

Figure 2.

Figure 2

GH and/or IGF-I act as significant determinants of Hb concentrations by adapting adequate levels of Hb to the oxygen demand. STAT5, which is a key transcription factor of GH, is sufficient to allow erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis in vitro and in vivo. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways lie downstream of the IGF-I-receptor. AKT phosphorylation of GATA-1 and its partner FOG-1 coordinates erythroid proliferation and differentiation. HIF-1 induced by IGF-I regulates the supply of oxygen to the cell by creating a balance between oxygen demand and oxygen supply. nHb, Neuronal hemoglobin; GH, growth hormone; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor 1; STAT5, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5; PI3K/AKT/mTOR, phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin; GATA-1, globin transcription factor 1; HIF-1, hypoxia inducible factor 1; FOG-1, friend-of-GATA1. References for the depicted relationships are given in main text.