Table 1.

Net genetic effect (e) on heading date of single genes and their combinatorial effects of Hd1, Ghd7 and DTH8 in different day‐length conditions.

Lines	Monogenic e			Digenic e			Trigenic e
	ASD	NSD	ALD	ASD	NSD	ALD	ASD	NSD	ALD
H gd‐7	−14.1**	−12.8**	−15.4**
h G d‐5	+3.8**	+1.7**	+3.5**
hg D ‐6	−1.3*	−4.9**	+3.7**
HG d‐4				+6.3**	+14.2**	+69.3**
H g D ‐3				+6.2**	+10.8**	+26.1**
h GD ‐2				+2.2*	+12.5**	+21.6**
HGD ‐1							−10.0**	−11.8**	> +62.7**

ASD, artificial short‐day conditions; ALD, artificial long‐day conditions; NSD, natural short‐day conditions.

‘−’ indicates the promotion effect on heading from functional gene. ‘+’ indicates the inhibition effect on heading from functional gene. * , **, significance at 5% and 1% levels, respectively.

The single‐gene effects, for example, the effect of Hd1, were calculated by subtracting the basic effect of the hgd genotype by e_(H) = D_(Hgd‐7) – D_(hgd‐8), to clarify the original function of Hd1.

The double‐gene effects, the effect of the Hd1/Ghd7 combination, were calculated by subtracting the effects of the hgd genotype and the single‐gene effects, e _{( HGd )} = D_{( HGd‐4 )} – D_{( hgd‐8 )}‐e _{( H )}‐e _{( G )}.

The effect of the Hd1/Ghd7/DTH8 combination, the basic effect of the hgd genotype, the single‐gene effects, and the double‐gene effects are all subtracted, e _{( HGD )} = D_{( HGD‐1 )} – D_{( hgd‐8 )}‐e _{( H )}‐e _{( G )}‐e _{( D )}‐e _{( HGd )}‐e _{( HgD )}‐e _{( hGD )}.