Figure 10.

Schematic presentation of the functional effects of ADV on T cells. (A) ADV inhibits proliferation in freshly stimulated and pre-activated T cells. Inhibition of proliferation was associated with a decrease in the expression of activation markers and reduced IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-17, and IL-10 secretion. Additionally, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest at G₀/G₁ phase and apoptosis was observed. (B) ADV treatment induced DNA double-strand breaks (γH2AX foci expression), which led to an increase of p53-phospho-Ser15 expression. In response to DNA damage p21 and PUMA are transactivated by p53. Subsequently, this caused cell cycle arrest at G₀/G₁ phase and activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.