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. 2021 Jan 8;34(4):294–307. doi: 10.1089/ars.2020.8071

FIG. 2.

FIG. 2.

Senescent features and markers. Listed are the more relevant features of senescent cells and the relative molecular or morphological markers of the senescent state. Due to the extremely variable and heterogeneous phenotype associated with cellular senescence, to date a unique marker for senescent cells has not been identified. Therefore, a multistep approach, including different markers, is employed to reveal senescent cells in vitro and in vivo. 53BP1, 53-binding protein 1; BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine; CCFs, cytoplasmic chromatin fragments; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EdU, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine; Gamma-H2AX, histone 2AX phosphorylated on serine 139; H3K27me3, trimethyl histone H3 lysine 27; H3K9me3, trimethyl histone H3 lysine 9; HP1, heterochromatin protein 1; IL, interleukin; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; Phospho-ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase phosphorylated on serine 1981; Phospho-p53, p53 phosphorylated on serine 15; SAHFs, senescence associated heterochromatin foci; SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Color images are available online.