FIGURE 3.

Internetwork alteration in functional connectivity at rest based on current articles reviewed. Internetwork alteration in functional connectivity in bipolar disorder based on the triple network model. Red represents major regions of the salience network, green represents major regions of the central executive network, and blue represents major regions of the default mode network. The size of the nodes represents hyperconnectivity, hypoconnectivity, or statistically similar (neurotypical) functional connectivity between the respective region and its nearby subregional structures, such as the functional connectivity between the dorsal and ventral part of the region, as compared to the healthy control group. In summary, the results from the 49 studies reviewed indicates a significant increased connectivity between the salience network and default mode network. Decreased functional connectivity was reported between the salience network and central executive network, as well as between the central executive network and the default mode network. It is noteworthy that increased functional connectivity was also found between the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the central executive network and the posterior cingulate cortex of the default mode network, although this relationship was not reported bilaterally. ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; Angular gyrus; CEN, central executive network; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DMN, default mode network; INS, insula; L, left; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; PPC, posterior parietal cortex; R, right; SAN, salience network; SFG, superior frontal gyrus