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. 2021 Jan 11;6(1):e140848. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.140848

Figure 3. Lowering vasopressin protects against sugar-induced metabolic syndrome.

Figure 3

(A) Average daily fructose intake (g/day) in the drinking water in WT mice receiving HFCS (red) alone or in combination with hydrogels (HFCS-HWI, blue) for 30 weeks. (B) Average daily total water intake (mL/day) in WT mice control (water, red clear bars), receiving HFCS (red solid bars), hydrogels (HWI, blue clear bars), or HFCS in combination with hydrogels (HFCS-HWI, blue solid bars) for 30 weeks. (C) Average daily caloric intake water, HFCS, HWI, and HFCS-HWI groups. (D) Serum copeptin levels at 30 weeks in water, HFCS, HWI, and HFCS-HWI groups. (E) Weekly body weight gain in water, HFCS, HWI, and HFCS-HWI groups. (F) Representative H&E images from livers of mice (n > 10 images per animal) of the same groups as in B at 30 weeks. Size bars: 50 μM. (G) Liver triglycerides (normalized to protein levels) at 30 weeks in water, HFCS, HWI, and HFCS-HWI groups. (H) Serum ALT levels at 30 weeks in water, HFCS, HWI, and HFCS-HWI groups. (I) Serum insulin levels at 30 weeks in water, HFCS, HWI, and HFCS-HWI groups. (J) Serum leptin levels at 30 weeks in water, HFCS, HWI, and HFCS-HWI groups. (K) Representative H&E images from epididymal adipose tissue of mice (n > 10 images per animal) on HFCS or HFCS-HWI groups. Size bars: 50 μM. (L) Total fat mass (g) at 30 weeks in water, HFCS, HWI, and HFCS-HWI groups. (M) Fat mass to total body weight percentage at 30 weeks in water, HFCS, HWI, and HFCS-HWI groups. The data in A–E, G–J, and L and M are presented as the mean ± SD and analyzed by 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc analysis except for A, which was analyzed by a 2-tailed t test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. n = 6 mice per group. See also Supplemental Figure 1 and Supplemental Table 3. HFCS, high-fructose corn syrup; HWI, high water intake; PT, portal triad; CV, central vein; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.