Table 5.

Availability of partnership frameworks

Have collaboration frameworks/guidelines to guide engagements with agencies outside the country	Have a memorandum of understanding between ministry of health and the national research institute	Have a memorandum of understanding between ministry of health and university institutes	Lack of MoU with a health research institute and lack of collaborative agreements
Kenya, Botswana, Mali, Rwanda, South Sudan, Eswatini, Ghana, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Benin, Senegal, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Niger, Mozambique (15 countries)	Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Rwanda, Mauritius, Uganda, Zambia, Ghana, Cameroon, Gabon, Senegal, Niger, Cape Verde, Mozambique (14 countries)	Kenya, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Mauritius, Rwanda, Eswatini, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Ghana, Cameroon, Guinea-Bissau, Gabon, Congo, Mauritania, Senegal, Niger, Cape Verde, Mozambique (20 countries)	Namibia, Nigeria, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Burundi, Mauritania, Eritrea (7 countries)