Table 2.
Literature review of neurocysticercosis-associated movement disorder
| Reference | Country/Year | n cases | Age/sex | Neuroimaging | Follow-up | Important CH and CM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chorea | ||||||
| Pereira | The UK/1903 | 1 | 6/female | NA | CR | CH: Chorea. There was no suspicion of rheumatic fever. CM: Filix was used and in 1 month, the patient had a CR |
| Hodge | The UK/1903 | 1 | 9/female | NA | NA | CH: Chorea. CM: Filix was used |
| Galbraith | South Africa/1904 | 1 | 10/male | NA | CR | CH: Chorea induced by a tapeworm. Probably by Taenia solium. CM: the prescription of some herbals reduced the symptoms. Presence of hurt murmur. Maybe it is a case of Group B streptococcal infection. The author believed that the cause was related to the gastrointestinal infection |
| Brotto | Brazil/1947 | 1 | 37/female | Cranial X-ray | No | CH: Chorea. The individual presented with epilepsy. CM: The symptoms alleviated with sulfacetamide (Albucid) |
| Bickerstaff et al. | The UK/1952 | 1 | 50/female | Ventriculography | Death | CH: Chorea CM: Cyst excision |
| Bhigjee et al. | South Africa/1987 | 1 | 15/female | Multiple cysticerci, with some in the head of the right caudate nucleus and striatum | No | CH: Hemichorea+headache. CM: Haloperidol. The symptoms were alleviated |
| Joubert and Jenni | South Africa/1990 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | CH: Chorea. From 88 patients with NCC, 1 developed chorea (1.1%). CM: PZQ |
| Bouldin and Pinter | The USA/2006 | 1 | 11/male | T2-weighted hyperintensity and Gd-enhancement in the M1 segment of the right middle cerebral artery. Arterial stenosis | CR | CH: Hemichorea. CM: Prednisone and aspirin. The symptoms recovered. The antiparasitic medication was not started to avoid increasing neurological damages |
| Cosentino et al. | Peru/2006 | 1 | 22/female | Visible hyperdense dot corresponding to the parasite scolex, cysts in multiple locations | CR | CH: Hemichorea, which was episodic, disappearing during sleep, and usually increasing with stress. CM: Dexamethasone and ALB. The symptoms recovered |
| Verma et al. | India/2006 | 1 | 12/female | A single ring-enhancing lesion with perifocal edema in the left thalamus | NA | CH: Hemichorea. CM: ALB, steroids, and haloperidol. The symptoms were alleviated |
| Balaji and Meikandan | India/2011 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | Clinical and radiological findings of 58 South Indian children diagnosed with NCC |
| Dewan et al. | India/2011 | 1 | 10/female | Ring-enhancing lesion involving the right paramedian midbrain with mild perilesional edema | NA | CH: Generalized chorea. CM: Steroids, haloperidol, and ALB. She developed ICH, and mannitol was started. The symptoms improved |
| Venkatarathnamma et al. | India/2013 | 1 | 25/male | Multiple hypodense lesions with central hyperdensity in the parenchyma | NA | CH: Possible orofacial chorea. Phenytoin may be a confounding variable. CM: ALB, steroids, and sodium valproate. The symptoms improved |
| Costa et al | Brazil/2016 | 1 | 12/male | Multiple cysts (meninges, suprasellar, and prepontine areas) of cysticerci (racemose form); hydrocephalus | CR | CM: VPS was performed. Dexamethasone, ALB, and phenobarbital. The symptoms recovered |
| Yoganathan et al. | India/2016 | 1 | 11/male | Hyperintensity involving bilateral basal ganglia, thalami, substantia nigra, and hippocampi. There was a cysticercus in the right posterior temporal lobe with ring enhancement and perilesional edema | NA | CH: Orofacial DKN; possible chorea. Coinfection of Japanese encephalitis and NCC |
| Alarcón et al. | Ecuador/2017 | 1 | 21/female | Left thalamic cyst; right calcifications on putamen | CR | CH: Hemichorea. CM: ALB. The symptoms recovered |
| Gupta et al | India/2019 | 1 | 60/female | A peripheral ring-enhancing lesion with an eccentric nodule in the left frontal parasagittal region | No | CH: Hemichorea. CM: Haloperidol. The symptoms improved |
| Kumar et al | India/2020 | 1 | 77/male | Multiple cysts in the cortex, subcortex, and basal ganglia, with surrounding edema and calcified scars | No | CH: Hemichorea. CM: ALB and prednisolone. The symptoms improved |
| Tremor | ||||||
| Dixon and Smithers | The UK/1935 | 1 | 24/NA | NA | NA | CH: Localized tremor. It was a possible focal motor onset seizure with impaired consciousness |
| Scott et al. | India/2005 | 1 | 1/male | Ring-enhancing lesions in cortical, subcortical regions and also in the basal ganglia | CR | CH: Tremor involving the tongue and left upper and lower limbs. CM: ALB and corticosteroids. The symptoms recovered |
| Alarcón et al. | Ecuador/2017 | 5 | 67/male | Right frontal and right lenticular cysts and left caudate infarcts | CR | CH: Tremor involving the left upper limb. CM: ALB. The symptoms recovered. |
| 63/female | Left parietal cyst | CR | CH: Tremor involving the right upper and lower limbs. CM: ALB. The symptoms recovered | |||
| 50/female | Bilateral frontal, parietal, and temporal cysts, hydrocephalus | CR | CH: Bilateral tremor. CM: ALB. The symptoms recovered | |||
| 35/male | Cyst in right sylvian cistern and striatal cysts | CR | CH: Tremor involving the right upper limb. CM: ALB. The symptoms recovered | |||
| 43/female | Left temporal cyst and right lenticular and thalamic calcifications | CR | CH: Tremor involving the right upper limb. CM: ALB. The symptoms recovered | |||
| Campos et al | Ecuador/2018 | 1 | 21/female | Intraventricular cyst with scolex in the right lateral ventricle, and another cyst in the fourth ventricle | NA | CH: Cerebellar outflow tremor+ophthalmoparesis. Video recording. CM: steroids and ALB. The symptoms improved |
| Parkinsonism | ||||||
| Meyer | Germany/1906 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Racemose cysticercosis presenting as PKN quoted by Bickerstaff in 1952 |
| Felici | Italy/1938 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Racemose cysticercosis presenting as PKN quoted by Bickerstaff in 1952 |
| Brotto | Brazil/1947 | 1 | 9/male | Cranial X-ray | NA | CH: PKN+ICH |
| Assis and Tenuto | Brazil/1948 | 1 | 38/female | Ventriculography | CR | CH: PKN+ICH. Serum and CSF were positive to cysticercosis. CM: Surgical management of a giant cyst |
| Ronge et al | Germany/1978 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | CH: PKN+temporal lobe epilepsy+psychiatric symptoms. There were parasites in the Sylvian fossa and bilateral necrosis of the pallidum |
| Takayanagui and Jardim | Brazil/1983 | 2 | NA | NA | NA | CH: From 238 individuals with NCC, 2 developed PKN (0.4%) |
| Cavalcanti | Brazil/1984 | 1 | 57/male | Cranial X-ray normal. Cranial CT scan with basal ganglia calcifications | NA | CH: Isolated PKN. CM: Levodopa and PZQ |
| Takayanagui and Jardim | Brazil/1990 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | CH: PKN+ICH. The patient presented with seizures. From 151 individuals with NCC, 1 developed PKN (0.66%) |
| Tansanee | Thailand/1992 | 1 | 36/male | NA | NA | CH: PKN in a racemose cysticercosis |
| Keane | The USA/1995 | 4 | 32/female | NA | CR | CH: PKN+ICH. CM: VPS |
| Keane conclude that the occurrence of PKN in a previously shunted patient suggests obstruction and requires prompt evaluation of the VPS | 22/female | NA | CR | CH: PKN+ICH. CM: VPS | ||
| 28/female | NA | No | CH: PKN+ICH. CM: VPS | |||
| 32/male | NA | No | CH: PKN+ICH. CM: VPS. Levodopa responsive | |||
| Verma et al. | The USA/1995 | 1 | 31/female | Multiple calcified and cystic lesions | No | CH: PKN+midbrain encephalitis. Video recording. CM: PZQ, dexamethasone, and phenytoin |
| Serrano-Dueñas and Placencia | Ecuador/1999 | 1 | 66/male | Obstructive hydrocephalus related to a fourth-ventricle cysticercus | No | CH: PKN+ICH. No levodopa response. CM: ALB and cyst removal |
| Mathew and Hassan | India/2001 | 1 | NA | NA | CR | CH: reversible PKN |
| Sá et al. | Brazil/2004 | 2 | 32/female | Hyperintensity over the cerebral aqueduct and the 4th ventricle in keeping with ependymitis | No | CH: PKN. History of VPS. CM: levodopa was started, and the symptoms were alleviated. ALB was started and allowed later reduction of levodopa dosage |
| 30/male | Multiple calcifications and hydrocephalus. Morphologic abnormalities of the quadrigeminal and ambient cisterns | CR | CH: PKN+ICH. CM: A VPS was performed. Levodopa and ALB. The patient symptoms recovered | |||
| Patel et al. | India/2006 | 1 | 60/male | Multiple cysticerci in various stages (vesicular and granular). Few of them were cystic with a scolex | No | CH: PKN+DTN. CM: levodopa and trihexyphenidyl. The symptoms alleviated |
| Suwatcharangkoon et al. | Thailand/2006 | 1 | NA/female | Multiple cystic lesions and dilatation of the lateral ventricles | NA | CH: PKN+ICH. CM: ALB was started, and a VPS was performed. The symptoms alleviated |
| Garcia Ruiz et al. | Spain/2008 | 1 | 29/female | Hydrocephalus and hyperintensity over the cerebral aqueduct in keeping with ependymitis | CR | CH: PKN+ICH+blepharospasm. CM: ALB and levodopa. The PKN symptoms recovered. Botulinum toxin was started, and DTN recovered |
| Cabo López et al. | Spain/2008 | 1 | 29/female | NA | NA | CH: PKN+ICH. CM: VPS was performed. Cysticidal drugs and levodopa |
| Prashantha et al. | India/2008 | 1 | 38/male | Cystic lesion with scolex and T1 ring-enhancing granulomas in the fourth ventricle | CR | CH: PKN+ICH. CM: VPS was performed. Levodopa was started. Anti-parasitic drugs were not started. The symptoms recovered |
| Munhoz et al. | Brazil/2009 | 2 | 43.1/2 male | NA | NA | Case series of eight individuals with possible infectious PKN |
| Sharma et al. | India/2011 | 1 | 64/male | Multiple vesicular lesions in the cortex; dorsal midbrain and tegmentum of the midbrain | No | CH: progressive supranuclear palsy like+progressive cognitive decline. CM: dexamethasone and ALB. The symptoms did not improve |
| Lima et al. | Brazil/2012 | 1 | 38/female | Hydrocephalus because of an intraventricular cyst; edema in the midbrain periaqueductal region; ependymitis | CR | CH: PKN+ICH CM: VPS was performed. ALB was started and worsened the PKN symptoms. Methylprednisolone pulse therapy and levodopa. Surgical removal of the cyst. The symptoms recovered |
| Teive | Brazil/2012 | 1 | 38/female | Presence of supratentorial hydrocephalus with evidence of intraventricular cysts, as well as edema in the midbrain periaqueductal region | CR | CH: PKN+ICH. CM: Methylprednisolone and levodopa. The symptoms recovered |
| Verma et al | India/2013 | 2 | 50/female | Multiple cystic lesions with a mural nodule in bilateral basal ganglia | Death | CH: PKN+seizures. CM: ALB and steroids were started, which worsened the symptoms. The patient died due to ICH |
| 43/male | Multiple cysticerci lesions scattered within bilateral pallidum and putamen | CR | CH: PKN+seizures. CM: cysticidal drug and steroids. The symptoms resolved | |||
| Alarcón et al | Ecuador/2017 | 15 | 47/female | Temporal and right sylvian subarachnoid cysts, hydrocephalus | No | CH: PKN |
| 56/female | Right and left frontal cysts, bilateral sylvian and perimesencephalic cyst, hydrocephalus | No | CH: PKN+ICH | |||
| 60/female | Bilateral Sylvian, basal subarachnoid and perimesencephalic cysts, hydrocephalus | No | CH: PKN | |||
| 44/female | Left frontal cyst and calcification | CR | CH: PKN+seizure | |||
| 65/male | Bilateral frontal, parietal and occipital cysts, basal arachnoiditis, perimesencephalic and pontine subarachnoid cysts, hydrocephalus. | No | CH: PKN+ataxia+seizure | |||
| 48/female | Left frontoparietal cysts, hydrocephalus | CR | CH: PKN+seizure | |||
| 42/male | Perimesencephalic cysts, aqueductal ependymitis, and severe hydrocephalus | CR | CH: PKN+ataxia+seizure+ICH | |||
| 62/male | Bilateral subarachnoid sylvan cysts, perimesencephalic cysts, and cysts of the IV ventricle, hydrocephalus | CR | CH: PKN+ataxia+apraxia+ICH | |||
| 73/female | Tetraventricular hydrocephalus, hyperintensity of the aqueduct, subarachnoid cysts perimesencephalic | No | CH: PKN+ataxia | |||
| 47/male | Cyst IV ventricle, hydrocephalus, and ependymitis | CR | CH: PKN+ataxia+ICH | |||
| 70/female | Subarachnoid and parenchymal cysts, front right, in the ambient, pretectal and prepontine cistern, severe hydrocephalus | CR | CH: PKN+ICH | |||
| 76/male | Hydrocephalus, frontal and parietal left cysts, arachnoiditis. Midbrain and striatal infarcts | No | CH: PKN+ICH+possible MKM. Presence of hemifacial spasm | |||
| 46/female | Hydrocephalus, suprasellar, prepontine and ambient cysts, anterior interhemispheric fissure and right valley Sylvian, frontal and IV ventricle cyst | No | CH: PKN+ataxia+ICH | |||
| 76/male | Severe hydrocephalus; left frontal and parietal cysts | No | CH: PKN+apraxia+ICH | |||
| 56/female | Triventricular severe hydrocephalus, Sylvian and IV ventricle cysts frontal and parietal cysts rights | No | CH: PKN+ICH | |||
| Oliveira et al. | Brazil/2020 | 1 | 59/female | Cystic lesions in the subcortical region; scolex associated with perilesional hyperintensity (vesicular stage); hydrocephalus; transependymal resorption | NA | CH: PKN+ICH. CM: VPS was performed. The symptoms improved. ALB and PZQ |
| Myoclonus | ||||||
| Wie | South Korea/1986 | 1 | 54/male | Multiple intraparenchymal punctate calcifications including the left dentate nucleus | NA | CH: Palatal (subcortical) MCL. CM: PZQ and trihexyphenidyl |
| Puri et al. | India/1991 | 1 | 11/female | Multiple, round, low densities with peripheral enhancement and signs of meningeal inflammation | CR | CH: Multifocal MCL. Reflex response positive. EEG positive. ELISA in serum and CSF was positive for NCC. CM: valproate and PZQ. The symptoms recovered |
| Keane | The USA/1993 | 1 | 29/male | Several large prepontine cysticerci cysts | No | CH: oculopalatal MCL (subcortical) and short-cycle periodic alternating nystagmus. CM: Exploration of his posterior fossa with the removal of cysts |
| Gokhale et al. | India/2015 | 1 | 8/male | A lesion with mixed-signal intensity in left high frontal gyrus with perilesional edema | CR | CH: multifocal MCL (subcortical). EEG was normal. CM: ALB and prednisolone. The symptoms recovered |
| Ataxia | ||||||
| Ronge et al | Germany/1978 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | Vestibular ataxia |
| Takayanagui and Jardim | Brazil/1983 | 21 | NA | NA | NA | Ataxia. From 238 individuals with NCC, 21 presented with ataxia (4.2%) |
| Barinagarementeria et al. | Mexico/1988 | 1 | 38/male | A hypodense suprasellar mass, an ill-defined small area of low density was seen just above the right cerebral peduncle | CR | CH: Ataxic hemiparesis. ELISA and complement fixation tests were positive for NCC. CM: Prednisone. The symptoms recovered |
| Joubert and Jenni | South Africa/1990 | 4 | NA | NA | NA | Ataxia. From 88 patients, 4 individuals had ataxia (5%) |
| Singh et al. | India/1996 | 1 | 12/male | Multiple ring lesions in the posterior fossa with a central nidus characteristic of NCC | CR | CH: Truncal and limb ataxia. CM: ALB and prednisolone |
| Jha et al. | India/2006 | 1 | 10/male | Multiple cysts in the cerebellar hemisphere | No | CH: Truncal and limb ataxia. CM: Valproate, glycerin, and acetazolamide. The symptoms alleviated |
| Teive et al. | Brazil/2008 | 1 | 33/male | The intense inflammatory reaction at the cysts located in the basal cisterns and around the brainstem | NA | CH: Truncal ataxia in an individual with racemose form of NCC |
| Balaji and Meikandan | India/2011 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | Clinical and radiological findings of 58 South Indian children diagnosed with NCC |
| Sharma et al | India/2015 | 1 | 17/female | Multiple ring-enhancing lesions involving bilateral cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum and brain stem with ring-enhancing lesion | NA | CH: Ataxia+lateral rectus muscle of left eye impairment |
| Dystonia | ||||||
| Jiménez-Jiménez et al. | Spain/1992 | 1 | 48/female | Multiple cysts including some in the left thalamus, and a lacunar infarction in the right internal capsule area | NA | CH: Bilateral blepharospasm |
| Sawhney et al. | India/1998 | 1 | 21/male | Hypodense cysts in the internal globus pallidus, a ring-enhancing lesion in left corona radiata, bifrontal diffuse white matter edema | CR | CH: Unilateral DTN of upper and lower limbs. Previous history of complex partial seizures. CM: Steroids, anticonvulsants |
| Serrano-Dueñas and Placencia | Ecuador/1999 | 2 | 60/male | Hydrocephalus; hypo/hyperdense cystic lesions in the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter without involvement the basal ganglia | CR | CH: Cervical DTN (retrocollis) + ICH. CM: VPS was performed and ALB was started |
| 88/male | Normal-pressure hydrocephalus | No | CH: Cervical DTN (retrocollis) + ICH. CM: Biperiden was withdrawal due to side effects. Clonazepam was started, but the symptoms did not ameliorate | |||
| Frei and Truong | USA/2002 | 1 | NA | Several lesions including in the basal ganglia | NA | CH: Scalp DTN. The diagnosis was done when an EEG was performed and muscle artifacts were observed |
| Jha et al | India/2006 | 1 | 6/male | Multiple lesions in basal ganglia | No | CH: Unilateral DTN of the lower limb. CM: Levodopa and trihexyphenidyl. The symptoms improved |
| Patel et al | India/2006 | 1 | 19/female | Single, ring-enhancing granuloma in the right thalamic region (colloidal stage) | No | CH: Unilateral DTN of hand. CM: ALB and corticosteroids. The symptoms did not improve |
| Hamed and Metaal | Saudi Arabia/2006 | 3 | 21/female | Multiple lesions in the frontal, temporal, and temporoparietal regions | NA | CH: Possible DTN. CM: PZQ, dexamethasone, and carbamazepine. The symptoms improved |
| 17/female | Multiloculated cystic lesion deep in the white matter of the right parietal lobe. There was a small satellite cyst seen at the cortical aspect of the lesion (colloidal stage) | CR | CH: Unilateral DTN of upper and lower limbs. CM: PZQ, steroids, tiapridal (benzamide), and carbimazole. The symptoms resolved | |||
| 19/female | Single left parietal deep white matter multiloculated cystic lesion (colloidal stage) | CR | CH: Unilateral DTN of the upper limb. CM: PZQ and tiapridal (benzamide). The symptoms resolved | |||
| Yoganathan et al. | India/2016 | 1 | 13/male | Asymmetric areas of hyperintensity involving the frontal, temporal, parietal lobes, caudate, and thalami; | NA | CH: Meige like syndrome+PKN. Coinfection of Japanese encephalitis and NCC |
| cysticerci granulomas in the right cingulate gyrus and right inferior frontal gyrus; ring enhancement | ||||||
| Alarcón et al. | Ecuador/2017 | 2 | 23/female | Cyst in the left putamen | CR | CH: Unilateral DTN of the lower limb. CM: ALB. The symptoms recovered |
| 37/female | Bilateral putamen cysts | CR | CH: cervical DTN. CM: ALB. The symptoms recovered. | |||
| Myokymia | ||||||
| Keane | The USA/1993 | 1 | 29/male | Several cerebral cysticerci cysts in addition to obstructive hydrocephalus | 2x CR | CH: Facial MKM. EMG positive CM: Symptoms resolved following placement of a VPS. After 3 years, a problem with the shunt leads to the reappearance of the symptoms, which recovered after a new VPS |
| Beydoun | The USA/1994 | 1 | 34/male | Multiple cystic lesions with enhancing rims within the aqueduct and fourth ventricle | No | CH: Facial MKM. EMG positive. CM: Decadron, PZQ, and Dilantin. The symptoms alleviated |
| Gutierrez et al. | Mexico/1998 | 1 | 69/female | Subarachnoid cysticercus rostral to the pons | CR | CH: Possible facial MKM+ICH; described as hemifacial spasms. EMG was not performed. CM: VPS was done. Prednisone. The spasms disappeared 3 months after VPS |
| Bhatia et al. | India/2008 | 1 | 45/male | Ring enhancing lesions with surrounding edema on the right side of pons. Active degenerating (colloidal-vesicular) stage | CR | CH: Facial MKM. Video recording. CM: Clonazepam, prednisolone, and carbamazepine. The symptoms recovered |
| Razdan et al. | India/2009 | 1 | 20/male | Isointense ring lesion with an eccentric scolex with perilesional edema in the right posterior pons | CR | CH: Possible facial MKM; described as hemifacial spasms. CM: ALB and prednisolone. The symptoms recovered |
| Yang et al. | Perú/2020 | 1 | 38/male | Multiple cysts in the basal cisterns involving both cerebellopontine angle | CR | CH: Possible facial MKM, described as hemifacial spasm. Video recording. CM: VPS was performed. Gabapentin, dexamethasone, and ALB. Surgical decompression was performed, which recovered the symptoms |
| Ballism | ||||||
| Karnik et al. | India/2011 | 1 | 11/female | Scolex in the left thalamus | No | CH: Hemiballismus. CM: ALB and prednisolone. The symptoms improved |
| Tics | ||||||
| Anjana et al. | India/2020 | 1 | 29/female | Multiple focal discrete subcentimeter parenchymal ring-enhancing lesions in bilateral cerebral hemispheres with significant perilesional edema in bilateral frontal, right ganglion capsular, and left parietal regions | No | CH: Tics+psychosis. CM: Mannitol, steroids, ALB, and antipsychotics. The symptoms improved |
| Not clearly defined MDs | ||||||
| Wallenburg | The UK/1928 | NA | NA | Broughton-Alcock and others (1928) quote Wallenburg (no reference) as saying that automatic movements have been described | ||
| Cosentino et al. | Peru/2002 | NA | NA | To assess in 120 individuals with NCC, the frequency of basal ganglia location of lesions, and its clinical manifestations. Cysts or enhancing lesions in basal ganglia were found in 32 out of 120 cases (26.7%) | ||
| Alarcon | Ecuador/2005 | 15 | NA | Report of 15 individuals with NCC who developed an MD | ||
| Echebarria | Spain/2009 | NA | NA | Assessment of CBFV and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in individuals with NCC who developed MDs. There was a correlation between CBFV and diagnostic criteria derived from 2/3 criteria established in NCC diagnosis | ||
| Sarangi et al | India/2013 | 1 | NA | Report of a 10-year-old female who developed ataxia/DTN/apraxia of the hand. The case is not clear about the description of the neurological examination. CT: Isodense right posterior parietal lesion | ||
| Singh et al | India/2015 | 1 | NA | Report of a 14-year-old male who developed involuntary jerk movements. These movements could be MCL, tremor, and DTN. The neurological examination is not clearly described | ||
ALB: Albendazole, CH: Clinical history, CM: Clinical management, CR: Complete recovery, DKN: Dyskinesia, DTN: Dystonia, ICH: Intracranial hypertension, MCL: Myoclonus, MKM: Myokymia, NA: Not applicable/not available, NCC: Neurocysticercosis, PKN: Parkinsonism, PZQ: Praziquantel, VPS: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt, EEG: Electroencephalogram, ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, IV: Intravenous, CBFV: Cerebral blood flow velocity, CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid, CT: Computed tomography, MD: Movement disorder