Table 1.
Participants' characteristics
| Control subjects | Bipolar disorder without psychotic features |
Bipolar disorder with psychotic features |
Schizophrenia | Statistical test |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | 46 | 9 (+1 excluded) | 17 | 25 (+1 excluded) | |
| Age (years) | 35.6 (±11.4) | 31.6 (±8.4) | 34.9 (±12.4) | 29.5 (±8.5) |
F(3,93) = 1.96 p = 0.13 |
| Sex (M/F) | 21/25 | 8/1 | 9/8 | 17/8 | ϰ3 = 7.5 p = 0.058 |
| Level of education (years of study) | 5.0 (±1.3) | 5.1 (±1.7) (1 missing) | 5.0 (±1.2) | 4.1 (±1.8) (1 missing) |
F(3,91) = 2.07 p = 0.11 |
| Tobacco use (pack-years) | 1.5 (±4.7) | 3.6 (±7.0) | 6.3 (±8.8) | 6.7 (±9.5) |
F(3,93) = 3.68 p = 0.015 |
| Proportion of current or past cannabis users (%) | 0 | 4 (2 missing) | 12 | 24 (1 missing) |
F(3,90) = 4.36 p = 0.007 |
| Age of onset of the disease (years) | — | 19.1 (±5.7) (1 missing) | 21.9 (±6.4) | 20.8 (±4.5) (1 missing) |
F(2,46) = 0.75 p = 0.48 |
| Disease duration (years) | — | 13.5 (±10.1) (1 missing) | 12.9 (±9.9) | 8.7 (±8.2) (1 missing) |
F(2,46) = 1.47 p = 0.24 |
| Number of episodes | — | 4.7 (±3.6) | 5.9 (±3.6) | 2.7 (±2.5) |
F(2,48) = 5.35 p = 0.008 |
| Number of hospitalizations | — | 1.6 (±1.5) (1 missing) | 4.8 (±3.2) (1 missing) | 3.2 (±2.5) (2 missing) |
F2,44) = 3.96 p = 0.026 |
| PANSS total | — | 38.0 (±5.2) | 38.7 (±14.1) | 70.1 (±21.5) |
F(2,48) = 21.25 p < 0.001 |
| Olanzapine equivalence dose (mg/d) | — | 5.3 (±8.1) (1 missing) | 5.6 (±11.2) (1 missing) | 18.0 (±11.6) |
F(2,46) = 8.05 p = 0.001 |
| Masking threshold (ms) | 54 (±10) | 49 (±10) | 64 (±12) | 62 (±14) |
F(3,93) = 6.52 p < 0.001 |
| Mean gFA IFO (×10−3) | 118.96 (±3.73) | 118.97 (±4.34) | 119.40 (±3.39) | 116.97 (±4.85) |
F(3,93) = 1.72 p = 0.17 |
| Mean gFA CLF (×10−3) | 108.11 (±3.89) | 105.55 (±5.66) | 105.16 (±6.26) | 105.03 (±6.89) |
F(3,93) = 2.42 p = 0.071 |
| Mean gFA corpus callosum (×10−3) | 126.36 (±2.98) | 125.81 (±3.79) | 124.64 (±4.78) | 124.02 (±4.88) |
F(3,93) = 2.17 p = 0.097 |
| Mean gFA ILFs (×10−3) | 106.51 (±4.57) | 106.85 (±4.88) | 108.05 (±3.61) | 104.58 (±5.33) |
F(3,93) = 2.00 p = 0.12 |
| Mean gFA short fibers (×10−3) | 73.66 (±2.48) | 72.60 (±2.69) | 73.29 (±1.60) | 72.78 (±2.89) (3 missing) |
F(3,90) = 0.90 p = 0.44 |
Values are given as the mean (±SD). F, Female; M, male.