Table 2.

Electrospun animal-based proteins with antimicrobial activity.

Protein	Co-Polymer	Electrospinning Type	Solvent	Antimicrobial Agent	Tested Bacterial Strain	Reference
Casein	PEO	Uniaxial	Water	Ampicillin	E. coli, S. aureus	[99]
α-lactoglobulin	PEO	Uniaxial	Water	Ampicillin	E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. thailandensis	[107]
Lactoferrin	Gelatin	Uniaxial	FA, DMF	None	E. coli, S. aureus	[108]
Lysozyme	CS, PVA	Uniaxial	AA, water	CS	S. aureus, B. subtilis, S. flexnery, P. aeruginosa	[109]
Keratin	PVA, PEO	Uniaxial	NaOH	Ag NPs	E. coli, S. aureus	[110]
Keratin	CS, PHBA, gelatin	Uniaxial, multilayer	HFIP	Mupirocin	E. coli, S. aureus	[111]
Collagen	PLGA	Uniaxial, multilayer	HFIP	Vancomycin hydrochloride, gentamicin sulfate	E. coli, S. aureus	[112,113,114]
Collagen	PCL	Uniaxial	HFIP	Enterobacteria phage T4	E. coli	[115]
Collagen	PLA	Uniaxial	HFIP	Levofloxacin	E. coli, S. aureus	[25]
Collagen	-	Uniaxial	HFIP	Ag NPs	S. aureus, P. aeruginosa	[116]
Collagen	CS	Uniaxial	0.5 M AA	ZnO	S. aureus, E. coli	[117]
Collagen	PCL (core), PEO (shell)	Co-axial	HFIP, glacial AA	Doxycycline	n.a.	[118]
Gelatin	Alginate-dialde-hyde	Uniaxial	AA(40% w/w)	Ciprofloxacin, gentamicin	P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis	[119]
Gelatin	-	Uniaxial	TFE	Vancomycin, caspofungin	MRSA, C. albicans	[120]
Gelatin	PMETAC	Uniaxial	FA, AA	PMETAC	S. aureus, E. coli, MRSA, A. baumannii	[121]
Gelatin	PVA	Uniaxial	FA	Centella asiatica extract	S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa	[122]
Silk sericin	CS	Uniaxial	TFA	CS	E. coli, B. subtilis	[123]
Silk sericin	PLLA	Uniaxial, multilayer	TFA	Nitrafurazone	E. coli, B. subtilis	[124]
Silk sericin	CS, PVA	Uniaxial	Water	Cephalexin hydrate	E. coli, B. subtilis	[125]
Silk fibroin	PCL	Uniaxial, multilayer	HFIP	CS	S. aureus, E. coli	[126]
Silk fibroin	-	Uniaxial	FA	Oleuropein	S. epidermidis, E. coli	[127]
Silk fibroin	CS	Uniaxial	HFIP, TFE	CS	S. aureus, E. coli	[128]
Silk fibroin, sulfated fibroin	PEI	Uniaxial	FA	PEI	S. aureus, P. aeruginosa	[129]
Silk fibroin	-	Uniaxial	FA	Ag NPs	S. aureus, P. aeruginosa	[130]
Silk fibroin	PVA	Uniaxial	Water	EGF, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride	S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa	[131]
Silk fibroin	PVA	Uniaxial	Water	LL-37 antimicrobial peptide, EGF	S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa	[132]
Silk fibroin	Gelatin	Uniaxial	FA	Thyme essential oil, doxycycline monohydrate	S. aureus, K. pneumoniae	[133]
Melamine-modified silk fibroin	PCL	Uniaxial	HFIP	Melamine-modified silk fibroin	S. aureus, E. coli	[134]
Silk fibroin	PEO	Uniaxial	FA	TiO2 NPs	E. coli	[135]
Silk fibroin	P(LLA-CL)	Uniaxial	HFIP	Curcumin	S. aureus	[136]
Silk fibroin	PCL, HA, PEO	Uniaxial, multilayer	FA, TFE, water	Thymol	S. aureus, P. aeruginosa	[137]
Silk fibroin	CS, halloysite nanotubes, PEO	Uniaxial	FA, AA, water	Chlorhexidine digluconate	S. aureus, E. coli	[138]
Silk fibroin	Gelatin	Uniaxial	FA	Ceftazidime	P. aeruginosa	[139]
Silk fibroin		Uniaxial	FA	Selenium NP coating	S. aureus	[140]
Silk fibroin	Carboxy-methyl CS coating	Uniaxial	HFIP, AA	Carboxymethyl CS coating	S. aureus, E. coli	[141]
Silk fibroin		Uniaxial	HFIP, FA	Ag NP coating	S. aureus, P. aeruginosa	[142]
Silk fibroin		Uniaxial	FA, water	Graphene oxide coating	S. aureus, E. coli	[143]
Silk fibroin	PEO	Uniaxial	Water	Manuka honey	MRSA, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus	[144]
Silk fibroin	PEO	Uniaxial	Water	Cu2O NPs	S. aureus, E. coli	[145]

Key: AA, acetic acid; Ag NPs, silver nanoparticles; CS, chitosan; DMF, N,N-dimethylformamide; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FA, formic acid; HA, hyaluronic acid; HFIP, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus; NP, nanoparticle; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; PCL, polycaprolactone; PEI, polyethylenimine; PMETAC, poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammoniumchloride); PEO, polyethylene oxide; PHBA, poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid); PHBV, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate); PLLA, poly(L-lactic acid); P(LLA-CL), poly(L-lactic acid-co-e-caprolactone); TFA, trifluoroacetic acid; TFE, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol.