Table 3.

In vitro and in vivo studies of curcumin on multiple sclerosis.

Cell Line /Animal Model	Route of Treatment Dose Duration	Outcomes	Ref.
SJL/ J mice	Intravenous injection 50 or 100 μg 25 days	Amelioration of severity and duration of clinical paralysis Decrease of inflammation and demyelination in the CNS	[80]
MBP-immune spleen cells	20 μg/mL	Decrease of proliferation of Th1 cell, IFN-∂ and IL-12 production	[80]
C57BL/6 and BALB/c generated DC	25 μM	Decrease of expression of CD80, CD86, and MHC class II molecules Inhibition of the maturation of DC, secretion of IL-12 and Th1 activation	[81]
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)	20 μg/mL 18 h	Decrease of IL-12 -induced STAT4 phosphorylation, IFN-∂ production, and IL-12 Rβ1 and β2 expression increase of IFN-β-induced STAT4 phosphorylation, IFN-α-induced IL-10, and IFNAR1 expression	[82]
C57BL/6 and SJL/ J mice	Diet 100 μg 14 days	Amelioration of symptoms and intensity Inhibition of neural antigen-specific T cell response	[83]
C6 rat astrocytoma cells	2.5, 10, 25 μM 30 min	Decrease of expression of CCL2 mRNA and protein Downregulation of CCL2 expression	[84]
Albino Wistar rats	Oral 60 mg/kg 3 weeks	Protection against neuronal degeneration	[85]
Primary microglia cultures from P3-P6 Sprague-Dawley rats		Protect axons from NO-mediated degeneration	[86]
U373-MG human astrocytes	0, 2.5, 5 μM	Decrease of release of IL-6 and MMP-9 Downregulation of MCP-1 mRNA expression	[87]
Lumbar spinal cord	12.5 mg/kg	Decrease of demyelination, immune cells infiltration, IL-17, NF-κB, and TNF-α Receptor expression increase of expression of IL-4 and foxp3	[88]