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. 2021 Jan 18;14:125–142. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S246174

Table 1.

Rapid Diagnostic Tests Relevant to MBL-Producing Enterobacterales

Test Technology Enterobacterales Detected? Resistance Determinant Genes Detecteda Specimen Type FDA Approved Ref.
Molecular Assays
Verigene BC-GN Multiplex PCR and Hybridization Yesb blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaCTX-M, blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-40, blaOXA-58 Positive blood culture Yes 31
Biofire BCID2 Panel Multiplex PCR Yesc blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaKPC, blaOXA-48-like Positive blood culture Yes 32
GenMark Diagnostics ePlex BCID-GN Multiplex PCR Yesd blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaCTX-M, blaKPC, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-48 Positive blood culture Yes 36
Biofire FilmArray Pneumonia Panel Multiplex PCR Yese blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaKPC, blaOXA-48-like BAL, sputum Yes 33
Unyvero LRT Applicationf Multiplex PCR Yesg blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaCTX-M, blaKPC, blaTEM, blaOXA-48, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-58 Endotracheal aspirate, BAL Yes 34,35
Cepheid Xpert Carba-R Qualitative PCR No blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaKPC, blaOXA-48 Rectal swabsh, pure colony Yes 37
BD MAX Check-Points CPO Qualitative PCR No blaNDM, blaVIM/blaIMP, blaKPC, blaOXA-48 Rectal swabsh Yes 38
GenePOC Carba Qualitative PCR No blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaKPC, blaOXA-48-like Pure colony Yes 39
Biochemical Assays
NG-Test CARBA 5 Qualitative multiplex immunochromatographic assay No blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaKPC, blaOXA-48-like Pure colonyh Yes 40
Rapidec Carba NP Colorimetric test No None, detects hydrolysis of imipenem Pure colonyh Yes 41
Other
MBT STAR-Carba IVD Kit MALDI-TOF MS No None, detects carbapenem hydrolysis product Pure colony No 42
Accelerate PhenoTest BC Kit Morphokinetic cellular analysis Yesi None, tests susceptibilities to meropenem (among other antibiotics) Positive blood culture Yes 43

Notes: aMBL genes bolded. bEnterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter spp., Proteus spp. cEnterobacter cloacae complex, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae group, Proteus spp., Salmonella, Serratia marcescens. dCitrobacter, Cronobacter sakazakii, Enterobacter cloacae complex, Enterobacter (noncloacae complex), Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae group, Morganella morganii, Proteus, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Serratia, Serratia marcescens.eEnterobacter cloacae complex, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae group, Proteus spp., Serratia marcescens. fOther panels in development that allow direct sample testing from urine (Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] Cartridge), blood culture (Blood culture [BCU] Cartridge), sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, tracheal aspirates (Hospitalized Pneumonia [HPN] cartridge), sonication fluids, swabs, tissue, pus, aspirate/exudate, bone fragments (Implant & Tissue Infection [ITI] cartridge), ascites and peritoneal fluid, pancreatic juice, bile, tissue, puncture fluid, swabs, catheter/drainage tips, and samples from positive blood culture bottles that have been inoculated with ascites/puncture fluid (Intra-Abdominal Infection [IAI] cartridge). gEnterobacter cloacae complex, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella variicola, Citrobacter freundii, Morganella morganii, Proteus spp., Serratia marcescens. hIntended for infection control use. iEnterobacter spp. (ie, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, not differentiated), Klebsiella spp. (ie, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, not differentiated), Escherichia coli, Proteus spp. (ie, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, not differentiated), Citrobacter spp. (ie, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri, not differentiated), Serratia marcescens.

Abbreviations: PCR, polymerase chain reaction; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; MALDI-TOF MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.