Table 3.

Direction of Associations per Outcome and Setting

	Past-month smoking	Ever-smoking	Smoking susceptibility	Smoking intensity
School setting
Adams et al.14	0	(+)
Chan et al.16	0		+
Henriksen et al. 17	+, (+) a			0, 0 a
Kaai et al.19	0
Kaai et al.18			0
Leatherdale and Strath2	0
Lipperman-Kreda et al.20				0, (+)a
Marsh et al.27	−		+
McCarthy et al. 24	0			0
Mistry et al. 31	0	0
Schleicher et al.29	0
Scully et al.23	0
Shortt et al.30	−
Home setting
Adachi-Mejia et al.13	0, 0a	0, 0a
Lipperman-Kreda et al.21				+, (−)a
Mennis et al.25			+, 0a
Mennis et al.26			(+)	0
Novak et al.28	+
Schleicher et al.29	+
Shortt et al.30	+
Other setting
Cantrell et al.15		0
Lipperman-Kreda et al.21		+
Loomis et al.22 (in NY City)	0		0	(+)
Loomis et al.22 (in the rest NY State)	0		0	(+)

Studies of higher methodological quality are highlighted in bold. 0 = no significant association found; + = significant association in the positive direction; − = significant association in the negative association; (+) = nonsignificant association in the positive direction; (−) = nonsignificant association in the negative direction. When the effect estimate was larger than a quarter of the total 95% confidence interval (derived from Table 1) the effect estimate was considered nonsignificant in positive/negative direction, indicated by parentheses.

^aStudies looking at the association between tobacco outlet proximity and smoking.