Figure 1.

Adjusted prevalence of smoking during pregnancy with 95% confidence intervals, by women’s and partners’ birthplace, Swedish pregnancies, 1991–2012. Prevalence of smoking adjusted for maternal age groups, paternal age, household income (quintiles), rural residence, cohabitation status, parity, year of arrival to Sweden, and age at arrival to Sweden. All differences in the smoking prevalence between foreign-born women with foreign-born partners versus foreign-born women with Swedish-born partners are statistically significant at p < .001, with the exception of those from Western Europe, United States, Australia, New Zealand and Israel, and Latin America.