Table 1.

Features of the reported chromoblastomycosis immunotherapeutic approaches.

Immunotherapy Class	Immunotherapy Agent	Mechanisms	Dose	Study	Protocol	Antifungal Association	Treatment Outcome
Immunostimulants	Imiquimod	Toll receptor 7 agonist	5% of imiquimod	Human	Five times a week (topical) for 6 to 19 months	Monotherapy	Lesions healed after 6 to 7 months [120]
					Five times a week (topical) for 6 to 17 months	Monotherapy or ITZ and/or TERB	Improvement in clinical aspects [117]
	β1,3 glucan	T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production	5 mg	Human	Once a week (IM) for 2 years	ITZ	Resolution of the majority of lesions [121]
DNA Vaccine	DNA-hsp65 vaccine	Reduction in NO production	9 mg	Mice	Once each 15 days (IM) during 15 or 30 days	Monotherapy or ITZ and/or AMB	Healed injuries and eliminated F. pedrosoi from lesions [127]
Monoclonal antibody (Mab) therapy	Mab anti-GlcCer	Fungistatic and fungicidal activities	NA	In vitro	NA	NA	Inhibition of F. pedrosoi growth in vitro and enhanced antifungal activity of murine macrophages [37]
Purified antibodies	Purified antibodies anti-Melanin	Fungicidal activities	NA	in vitro	NA	NA	Inhibition of F. pedrosoi growth in vitro [86]

Abbreviations: AMB, amphotericin B; CBM, chromoblastomycosis; IM, intramuscular; ITZ, itraconazole; Mab, monoclonal antibodies; NA, not applied; TERB, terbinafine; GlcCer, glucosylceramides.