Table 4.
The influence of nutritional compounds on the composition of the intestinal microbiota.
| Nutritional Compound | Possible Changes in the Microbiota | Model | Type of Determining Compositional Changes | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minerals | ||||
| Potassium [90] | Bacteroidetes ↓ | Adults with cystic fibrosis | 16S rDNA seq | |
| Calcium [91,92] | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei ↑ | Adults | qPCR | Calcium supplementation (pentacalcium hydroxy-triphosphate) |
| Bifidobacterium spp, | Male mice | qPCR | HF diet compared with HCa diet (4 g/kg vs. 12 g/kg of calcium) | |
| Bacteroides/Prevotella ↑ | ||||
| Clostridium coccoides ↓, | ||||
| Clostridium leptum ↓ | ||||
| Iron [93,94] | Enterobacteria ↑, Lactobacilli ↓ | Anaemic African children | PCR and temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis analyses | Iron-fortified biscuits |
| Bifidobacterium↑ | Japanese people | T-RFLP method | Habitual diet | |
| Magnesium [95] |
Bifidobacteria ↓ (LI) Diversity ↓ |
Mg-deficient mice | Real-time quantitative PCR | fed a control or Mg-deficient |
| Zinc [96] | Proteobacteria ↑ | Chicks | 16S rRNA PCR | Diets with various content of Zn |
| Firmicutes↓ | ||||
| Bacteroidetes ↑ | ||||
| Actinobacteria ↓ * | ||||
| Polyphenols | ||||
| Chokeberry extract [97] | Anaerostipes ↑ | Adult men | 16S rRNA seq | |
| Chokeberry whole fruit [97] | Bacteroidetes ↑ | |||
| Red wine [98] | Proteobacteria ↑, | Adult men | qPCR | 4-week-long consumption |
| Fusobacteria ↑, | ||||
| Firmicutes, | ||||
| Bacteroidete ↑ | ||||
| Alcohol-free wine [98] | Fusobacteria, | 4-week-long consumption | ||
| Bacteroidetes ↓ | ||||
| Firmicutes ↓ | ||||
| Tea [99] | Clostridium perfringes (IH) | Collected human faeces | (measure of growth) 5% inoculum, the optical density anaerobic conditions |
Tea phenolics and metabolites |
| Clostridium difficile (IH) | ||||
| Bacteroidetes (IH) | ||||
| Catechins [100] | Clostridium cocoides ↑ | Collected human faeces | 16S rRNA seq | |
| Bifidobacterium ↑ | ||||
| Escherichia coli ↑, | ||||
| C. histolyticum (IH) | ||||
| Gallocatechin [90] | Actinomyces ↑, Actinomycetaceae ↑, Coriobacteria ↓ | Adults with cystic fibrosis | 16S rDNA seq | |
| Vitamins | ||||
| Vitamin A [101,102] | Bacteroidetes vulgatus ↓ | Mice | 16S rDNA seq | LI of vitamin A |
| (supp.) Bacteroidetes ↑ | Children with ASD | 16S rDNA seq | Vitamin A supplementation | |
| (supp.) Firmicutes ↓ | ||||
| (supp.) Proteobacteria ↓ | ||||
| (supp.) Actinobacteria ↓ | ||||
| Bifidobacterium ↑ | Observed only among boys | |||
| Vitamin D [103,104] | Veillonella ↑ | Adults with CF | 16S rRNA seq | Vitamin D supplementation |
| Lactococcus ↑ | ||||
| Erysipelotrichaceae ↑ | ||||
| Lachnospira ↑ | Adults | 16S rRNA seq | Vitamin D supplementation | |
| Blautia ↓ | ||||
| Ruminococcus ↓, (supp.) | Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D > 75 nmol/L were associated with higher number when compared with concentration 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L | |||
| Coprococcus ↑, | ||||
| Enterobacteriaceae ↑ | Adults with UC | 16S rRNA seq | Vitamin D supplementation | |
| Vitamin C [105] | Coriobacteriaceae ↑ | Adults with prediabetes | 16S rRNA seq | Consumption of two SunGold kiwifruit |
| Vitamin E Niacin Riboflavin [90] |
Firmicutes ↑ | Adults with cystic fibrosis | 16S rDNA seq | |
CF—cystic fibrosis; HF—high-fat diet; HCa—high-calcium diet; LI—low intake; supp.—supplementation; IH—inhibition of the growth; ↑—an increase in the number of specific bacteria; ↓—a decrease in the number of specific bacteria; UC—ulcerative colitis; T-RFLP—terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism; PCR—polymerase chain reaction; *—nonsignificant; ASD—autism spectrum disorder.