Table 4:
Intensity-weighted lifetime days of pesticide use at enrollment and incident PD in male applicators
| Pesticide exposure through enrollment | Pesticide exposure through Phase 2 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pesticide | Lifetime daysa |
No PD, n (%) | PD, n (%) | HR (95% CI)b | pc | Lifetime daysa | No PD, n(%) | PD, n(%) | HR (95% CI)b | pc |
| Organochlorine insecticide | ||||||||||
| Aldrin d | Never use | 13427 (82.7) | 145 (75.5) | Ref | 0.08 | - | - | - | - | |
| >0–≤315 | 994 (6.1) | 18 (9.4) | 0.84 (0.50, 1.42) | |||||||
| >315–≤980 | 911 (5.6) | 17 (8.9) | 0.82 (0.47, 1.41) | |||||||
| >980 | 905 (5.6) | 12 (6.3) | 0.56 (0.30, 1.06) | |||||||
| Chlordane d | Never use | 13516 (80.7) | 144 (72.7) | Ref | 0.69 | - | - | - | - | |
| >0–≤236 | 1090 (6.5) | 18 (9.1) | 1.04 (0.63, 1.71) | |||||||
| >236–≤735 | 1111 (6.6) | 17 (8.6) | 0.92 (0.55, 1.53) | |||||||
| >735 | 1039 (6.2) | 19 (9.6) | 1.02 (0.62, 1.68) | |||||||
| Dieldrin d | Never use | 15739 (96.2) | 178 (93.2) | Ref | 0.61 | - | - | - | - | |
| >0–≤338 | 307 (1.9) | 8 (4.2) | 1.24 (0.60, 2.59) | |||||||
| >338 | 308 (1.9) | 5 (2.6) | 0.77 (0.31, 1.93) | |||||||
| DDT d | Never use | 12823 (78.3) | 117 (60.6) | Ref | 0.61 | - | - | - | - | |
| >0–≤341 | 1221 (7.5) | 21 (10.9) | 0.84 (0.52, 1.37) | |||||||
| >341–≤1675 | 1175 (7.2) | 35 (18.1) | 1.39 (0.92, 2.08) | |||||||
| >1675 | 1150 (7) | 20 (10.4) | 0.87 (0.53, 1.43) | |||||||
| Heptachlor d | Never use | 14332 (87.4) | 155 (78.7) | Ref | 0.93 | - | - | - | - | |
| >0–≤280 | 673 (4.1) | 14 (7.1) | 1.41 (0.79, 2.51) | |||||||
| >280–≤882 | 729 (4.4) | 17 (8.6) | 1.44 (0.85, 2.46) | |||||||
| >882 | 660 (4) | 11 (5.6) | 1.02 (0.54, 1.94) | |||||||
| Toxaphene d | Never use | 16128 (88.6) | 200 (89.7) | Ref | 0.12 | - | - | - | - | |
| >0–≤315 | 714 (3.9) | 7 (3.1) | 0.54 (0.26, 1.16) | |||||||
| >315–≤1181 | 670 (3.7) | 8 (3.6) | 0.66 (0.32, 1.33) | |||||||
| >1181 | 681 (3.7) | 8 (3.6) | 0.59 (0.29, 1.21) | |||||||
| Lindane | Never use | 15591 (86.3) | 186 (85.3) | Ref | 0.56 | Never use | 15424 (84.4) | 183 (83.6) | Ref | 0.62 |
| >0–≤315 | 823 (4.6) | 7 (3.2) | 0.56 (0.26, 1.2) | >0–≤341 | 944 (5.2) | 8 (3.7) | 0.59 (0.29, 1.21) | |||
| >315–≤1232 | 839 (4.6) | 16 (7.3) | 1.23 (0.73, 2.06) | >341–≤1232 | 961 (5.3) | 18 (8.2) | 1.26 (0.76, 2.07) | |||
| >1232 | 815 (4.5) | 9 (4.1) | 0.77 (0.40, 1.51) | >1232 | 940 (5.1) | 10 (4.6) | 0.80 (0.42, 1.51) | |||
| Carbamate insecticide | ||||||||||
| Carbaryl | Never use | 9547 (57.8) | 111 (56.3) | Ref | 0.12 | Never use | 9194 (52) | 106 (53) | Ref | 0.11 |
| >0–≤387 | 2432 (14.7) | 32 (16.2) | 0.96 (0.65, 1.44) | >0–≤441 | 2904 (16.4) | 37 (18.5) | 0.90 (0.60, 1.36) | |||
| >387–≤2460 | 2403 (14.6) | 30 (15.2) | 0.81 (0.53, 1.26) | >441–≤2320 | 2918 (16.5) | 30 (15) | 0.78 (0.50, 1.22) | |||
| >2460 | 2123 (12.9) | 24 (12.2) | 0.64 (0.38, 1.08) | >2320 | 2675 (15.1) | 27 (13.5) | 0.63 (0.37, 1.05) | |||
| Carbofuran e | - | - | - | - | Never use | 23500 (71.3) | 198 (64.5) | Ref | 0.41 | |
| >0–≤368 | 3133 (9.5) | 41 (13.4) | 0.90 (0.60, 1.36) | |||||||
| >368–≤1370 | 3200 (9.7) | 41 (13.4) | 0.78 (0.50, 1.22) | |||||||
| >1370 | 3127 (9.5) | 27 (8.8) | 0.63 (0.37, 1.05) | |||||||
| ≤ 63y | Never use | 13827 (76.4) | 52 (61.9) | Ref | 0.28 | - | - | - | - | |
| >0–≤784 | 2156 (11.9) | 24 (28.6) | 1.88 (1.15, 3.05) | |||||||
| >784 | 2117 (11.7) | 8 (9.5) | 0.66 (0.31, 1.4) | |||||||
| >63y | Never use | 10581 (67.5) | 148 (66.4) | Ref | 0.93 | |||||
| >0–≤784 | 2534 (16.2) | 38 (17) | 0.99 (0.69, 1.42) | |||||||
| >784 | 2551 (16.3) | 37 (16.6) | 1.02 (0.71, 1.46) | |||||||
| Organophosphate insecticide | ||||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | Never use | 18564 (55) | 191 (58.2) | Ref | 0.60 | Never use | 19755 (55.4) | 220 (61.1) | Ref | 0.78 |
| >0–≤455 | 5003 (14.8) | 54 (16.5) | 1.14 (0.84, 1.55) | >0–≤490 | 5251 (14.7) | 55 (15.3) | 1.04 (0.77, 1.41) | |||
| >455–≤1848 | 5165 (15.3) | 33 (10.1) | 0.68 (0.47, 0.99) | >490–≤1903 | 5406 (15.2) | 38 (10.6) | 0.71 (0.5, 1.01) | |||
| >1848 | 4994 (14.8) | 50 (15.2) | 1.12 (0.82, 1.54) | >1903 | 5243 (14.7) | 47 (13.1) | 0.99 (0.72, 1.35) | |||
| Coumaphos | Never use | 29725 (91.2) | 271 (90) | Ref | 0.99 | Never use | 29678 (91) | 271 (90) | Ref | 0.93 |
| >0–≤380 | 955 (2.9) | 9 (3) | 0.87 (0.45, 1.7) | >0–≤385 | 975 (3) | 9 (3) | 0.85 (0.44, 1.65) | |||
| >380–≤1418 | 979 (3) | 12 (4) | 1.07 (0.6, 1.91) | >385–≤1428 | 986 (3) | 12 (4) | 1.07 (0.6, 1.91) | |||
| >1418 | 938 (2.9) | 9 (3) | 0.99 (0.51, 1.92) | >1428 | 966 (3) | 9 (3) | 0.96 (0.49, 1.87) | |||
| Diazinonf | Never use | 13412 (79.2) | 162 (81) | Ref | 0.23 | Never use | 13202 (75.4) | 162 (79.8) | Ref | 0.11 |
| >0–≤328 | 1194 (7.1) | 13 (6.5) | 0.79 (0.45, 1.40) | >0–≤350 | 1443 (8.2) | 13 (6.4) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.21) | |||
| >328–≤1274 | 1213 (7.2) | 14 (7) | 0.78 (0.45, 1.35) | >350–≤1270 | 1476 (8.4) | 16 (7.9) | 0.81 (0.48, 1.36) | |||
| >1274 | 1116 (6.6) | 11 (5.5) | 0.69 (0.37, 1.29) | >1270 | 1391 (7.9) | 12 (5.9) | 0.6 (0.32, 1.12) | |||
| Dichlorvos | Never use | 29516 (89.2) | 264 (86.3) | Ref | 0.06 | Never use | 29409 (88.9) | 264 (86.3) | Ref | 0.06 |
| >0–≤1344 | 1783 (5.4) | 15 (4.9) | 0.79 (0.46, 1.33) | >0–≤1360 | 1844 (5.6) | 15 (4.9) | 0.79 (0.46, 1.33) | |||
| >1344 | 1773 (5.4) | 27 (8.8) | 1.46 (0.98, 2.19) | >1360 | 1832 (5.5) | 27 (8.8) | 1.46 (0.98, 2.19) | |||
| Fonofos | Never use | 25838 (77.6) | 240 (77.4) | Ref | 0.32 | Never use | 25820 (77.5) | 240 (77.4) | Ref | 0.32 |
| >0–≤455 | 2467 (7.4) | 26 (8.4) | 1.06 (0.7, 1.61) | >0–≤455 | 2468 (7.4) | 26 (8.4) | 1.06 (0.7, 1.61) | |||
| >455–≤1680 | 2526 (7.6) | 24 (7.7) | 0.92 (0.60, 1.42) | >455–≤1696 | 2538 (7.6) | 24 (7.7) | 0.92 (0.6, 1.41) | |||
| >1680 | 2463 (7.4) | 20 (6.5) | 0.80 (0.50, 1.27) | >1696 | 2470 (7.4) | 20 (6.5) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.27) | |||
| Malathion | Never use | 6436 (35.7) | 76 (35) | Ref | 0.08 | Never use | 6107 (30.4) | 69 (29.2) | Ref | 0.12 |
| >0–≤368 | 3832 (21.3) | 53 (24.4) | 1.13 (0.79, 1.61) | >0–≤384 | 4797 (23.9) | 68 (28.8) | 1.26 (0.89, 1.79) | |||
| >368≤1440 | 3948 (21.9) | 46 (21.2) | 0.89 (0.62, 1.29) | >384–≤1344 | 4603 (22.9) | 47 (19.9) | 0.93 (0.64, 1.35) | |||
| >1440 | 3795 (21.1) | 42 (19.4) | 0.75 (0.51, 1.10) | >1344 | 4584 (22.8) | 52 (22) | 0.83 (0.57, 1.2) | |||
| Parathion | Never use | 16605 (92.1) | 201 (91) | Ref | 0.97 | Never use | 16580 (91.9) | 201 (90.5) | Ref | 0.76 |
| >0–≤882 | 718 (4) | 10 (4.5) | 0.94 (0.49, 1.78) | >0–≤880 | 728 (4) | 10 (4.5) | 0.86 (0.44, 1.69) | |||
| >882 | 697 (3.9) | 10 (4.5) | 0.99 (0.52, 1.89) | >880 | 726 (4) | 11 (5) | 1.05 (0.56, 1.94) | |||
| Phorate | Never use | 11467 (68.4) | 121 (61.4) | Ref | 0.55 | Never use | 11523 (67.8) | 122 (61.3) | Ref | 0.47 |
| >0–≤315 | 1771 (10.6) | 25 (12.7) | 1.18 (0.75, 1.86) | >0–≤320 | 1818 (10.7) | 25 (12.6) | 1.14 (0.72, 1.79) | |||
| >315–≤1176 | 1809 (10.8) | 34 (17.3) | 1.61 (1.07, 2.41) | >320–≤1176 | 1874 (11) | 35 (17.6) | 1.62 (1.09, 2.41) | |||
| >1176 | 1715 (10.2) | 17 (8.6) | 0.84 (0.50, 1.40) | >1176 | 1781 (10.5) | 17 (8.5) | 0.8 (0.48, 1.34) | |||
| Terbufos | Never use | 19869 (59.8) | 168 (54.4) | Ref | 0.50 | Never use | 19649 (59.1) | 168 (54) | Ref | 0.53 |
| >0–≤646 | 4397 (13.2) | 46 (14.9) | 1.34 (0.96, 1.88) | >0–≤660 | 4497 (13.5) | 48 (15.4) | 1.35 (0.97, 1.89) | |||
| >646–≤2400 | 4536 (13.7) | 54 (17.5) | 1.46 (1.06, 2.00) | >660–≤2436 | 4623 (13.9) | 53 (17) | 1.39 (1.01, 1.91) | |||
| >2400 | 4411 (13.3) | 41 (13.3) | 1.16 (0.82, 1.65) | >2436 | 4480 (13.5) | 42 (13.5) | 1.16 (0.82, 1.64) | |||
| Permethrin insecticide | ||||||||||
| Permethrin (crops) | Never use | 28383 (86.5) | 269 (89.4) | Ref | 0.21 | Never use | 27839 (84.8) | 265 (88.3) | Ref | 0.27 |
| >0–≤273 | 1470 (4.5) | 15 (5) | 1.30 (0.77, 2.2) | >0–≤288 | 1639 (5) | 17 (5.7) | 1.19 (0.7, 2.01) | |||
| >273–≤1080 | 1492 (4.5) | 11 (3.7) | 1.01 (0.55, 1.84) | >288–≤1117 | 1695 (5.2) | 11 (3.7) | 0.94 (0.51, 1.72) | |||
| >1080 | 1466 (4.5) | 6 (2) | 0.59 (0.26, 1.33) | >1117 | 1643 (5) | 7 (2.3) | 0.66 (0.31, 1.4) | |||
| Permethrin (animals) | Never use | 28783 (86.3) | 272 (88.6) | Ref | 0.21 | Never use | 28163 (84.3) | 270 (87.9) | Ref | 0.16 |
| >0–≤368 | 1574 (4.7) | 11 (3.6) | 0.93 (0.50, 1.70) | >0–≤392 | 1737 (5.2) | 11 (3.6) | 0.84 (0.46, 1.53) | |||
| >368–≤1418 | 1505 (4.5) | 9 (2.9) | 0.77 (0.40, 1.51) | >392–≤1512 | 1781 (5.3) | 9 (2.9) | 0.68 (0.34, 1.35) | |||
| >1418 | 1493 (4.5) | 15 (4.9) | 1.44 (0.85, 2.44) | >1512 | 1721 (5.2) | 17 (5.5) | 1.49 (0.9, 2.46) | |||
| Fumigant | ||||||||||
| Carbon disulfide/carbon tetrachloride d | Never use | 17467 (95.8) | 209 (94.6) | Ref | 0.74 | - | - | - | - | |
| >0–≤172 | 398 (2.2) | 6 (2.7) | 0.82 (0.36, 1.86) | |||||||
| >172 | 364 (2) | 6 (2.7) | 0.88 (0.39, 1.98) | |||||||
| Methyl Bromide | Never use | 28072 (84.9) | 274 (85.9) | Ref | 0.58 | Never use | 28084 (84.8) | 276 (85.7) | Ref | 0.52 |
| >0–≤320 | 1613 (4.9) | 13 (4.1) | 0.82 (0.46, 1.47) | >0–≤326 | 1669 (5) | 14 (4.3) | 0.78 (0.44, 1.41) | |||
| >320–≤1372 | 1670 (5.1) | 17 (5.3) | 1.03 (0.60, 1.78) | >326–≤1395 | 1673 (5.1) | 17 (5.3) | 0.98 (0.57, 1.7) | |||
| >1372 | 1706 (5.2) | 15 (4.7) | 0.82 (0.46, 1.48) | >1395 | 1696 (5.1) | 15 (4.7) | 0.8 (0.45, 1.42) | |||
| Fungicide | ||||||||||
| Benomyl | Never use | 14990 (92.8) | 174 (91.6) | Ref | 0.31 | Never use | 14977 (92.4) | 174 (90.6) | Ref | 0.35 |
| >0–≤868 | 591 (3.7) | 5 (2.6) | 0.62 (0.24, 1.61) | >0–≤868 | 623 (3.8) | 6 (3.1) | 0.73 (0.31, 1.75) | |||
| >868 | 574 (3.6) | 11 (5.8) | 1.34 (0.64, 2.80) | >868 | 613 (3.8) | 12 (6.3) | 1.34 (0.64, 2.79) | |||
| Captan | Never use | 29167 (89.8) | 274 (90.7) | Ref | 0.36 | Never use | 28708 (88.2) | 270 (88.8) | Ref | 0.26 |
| >0–≤9 | 1224 (3.8) | 8 (2.6) | 0.83 (0.41, 1.68) | >0–≤10 | 1278 (3.9) | 8 (2.6) | 0.78 (0.39, 1.59) | |||
| >9–≤212 | 1046 (3.2) | 6 (2) | 0.65 (0.29, 1.46) | >10–≤540 | 1311 (4) | 10 (3.3) | 0.83 (0.44, 1.57) | |||
| >212 | 1060 (3.3) | 14 (4.6) | 1.27 (0.74, 2.20) | >540 | 1264 (3.9) | 16 (5.3) | 1.33 (0.80, 2.21) | |||
| Chlorothalonil | Never use | 30547 (92.8) | 293 (94.2) | Ref | 0.41 | Never use | 30371 (92.2) | 291 (93.6) | Ref | 0.47 |
| >0–≤1535 | 1132 (3.4) | 7 (2.3) | 0.74 (0.34, 1.61) | >0–≤1613 | 1245 (3.8) | 7 (2.3) | 0.71 (0.32, 1.55) | |||
| >1535 | 1221 (3.7) | 11 (3.5) | 1.29 (0.66, 2.56) | >1613 | 1312 (4) | 13 (4.2) | 1.41 (0.75, 2.66) | |||
| Manebg | - | - | - | - | Never use | 15464 (92.3) | 186 (93) | Ref | 0.34 | |
| >0–≤1268 | 660 (3.9) | 8 (4) | 0.69 (0.31, 1.53) | |||||||
| >1268 | 636 (3.8) | 6 (3) | 0.59 (0.25, 1.4) | |||||||
| Metalaxyl | Never use | 14301 (81.6) | 177 (82.3) | Ref | 0.14 | Never use | 14239 (79.1) | 175 (80.6) | Ref | 0.47 |
| >0–≤312 | 1060 (6.1) | 17 (7.9) | 1.27 (0.77, 2.11) | >0–≤312 | 1241 (6.9) | 18 (8.3) | 1.26 (0.76, 2.08) | |||
| >312–≤1568 | 1094 (6.2) | 15 (7) | 1.18 (0.66, 2.11) | >312–≤1488 | 1286 (7.1) | 15 (6.9) | 1.17 (0.64, 2.13) | |||
| >1568 | 1061 (6.1) | 6 (2.8) | 0.53 (0.22, 1.27) | >1488 | 1240 (6.9) | 9 (4.1) | 0.79 (0.38, 1.65) | |||
| Herbicide | ||||||||||
| Alachlor | Never use | 15100 (45.7) | 127 (41.9) | Ref | 0.80 | Never use | 14974 (45.3) | 124 (40.9) | Ref | 0.73 |
| >0–≤809 | 5925 (18) | 63 (20.8) | 1.11 (0.82, 1.52) | >0–≤809 | 6011 (18.2) | 65 (21.5) | 1.15 (0.85, 1.57) | |||
| >809–≤3132 | 6056 (18.3) | 55 (18.2) | 0.95 (0.69, 1.30) | >809–≤3145 | 6121 (18.5) | 56 (18.5) | 0.97 (0.7, 1.33) | |||
| >3132 | 5927 (18) | 58 (19.1) | 1.07 (0.78, 1.46) | >3145 | 5977 (18.1) | 58 (19.1) | 1.09 (0.8, 1.5) | |||
| Butylate | Never use | 11964 (71.9) | 144 (72.7) | Ref | 0.22 | Never use | 13263 (73) | 164 (73.9) | Ref | 0.24 |
| >0–≤473 | 1564 (9.4) | 25 (12.6) | 1.26 (0.81, 1.95) | >0–≤473 | 1626 (9) | 26 (11.7) | 1.26 (0.81, 1.95) | |||
| >473–≤1519 | 1583 (9.5) | 16 (8.1) | 0.85 (0.50, 1.45) | >473–≤1512 | 1659 (9.1) | 18 (8.1) | 0.91 (0.54, 1.53) | |||
| >1519 | 1531 (9.2) | 13 (6.6) | 0.73 (0.41, 1.30) | >1512 | 1619 (8.9) | 14 (6.3) | 0.73 (0.41, 1.3) | |||
| Chlorimuron Ethyl | Never use | 12384 (68) | 163 (73.4) | Ref | 0.44 | Never use | 12187 (65.4) | 162 (72.6) | Ref | 0.22 |
| >0–≤245 | 1930 (10.6) | 25 (11.3) | 1.22 (0.80, 1.87) | >0–≤263 | 2140 (11.5) | 30 (13.5) | 1.28 (0.85, 1.9) | |||
| >245–≤784 | 1977 (10.9) | 17 (7.7) | 0.80 (0.49, 1.33) | >263–≤817 | 2169 (11.6) | 15 (6.7) | 0.69 (0.4, 1.18) | |||
| >784 | 1910 (10.5) | 17 (7.7) | 0.85 (0.52, 1.41) | >817 | 2127 (11.4) | 16 (7.2) | 0.77 (0.46, 1.28) | |||
| Dicamba | Never use | 15344 (47.7) | 141 (48) | Ref | 0.33 | Never use | 14269 (44.3) | 131 (44.4) | Ref | 0.13 |
| >0–≤564 | 5548 (17.2) | 50 (17) | 0.90 (0.63, 1.28) | >0–≤694 | 5897 (18.3) | 58 (19.7) | 0.99 (0.7, 1.41) | |||
| >564–≤2184 | 5761 (17.9) | 46 (15.6) | 0.81 (0.56, 1.17) | >694–≤2380 | 6126 (19) | 43 (14.6) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.22) | |||
| >2184 | 5524 (17.2) | 57 (19.4) | 1.11 (0.79, 1.56) | >2380 | 5950 (18.5) | 63 (21.4) | 1.25 (0.88, 1.77) | |||
| EPTC | Never use | 26190 (79.7) | 249 (83) | Ref | 0.74 | Never use | 26155 (79.6) | 249 (83) | Ref | 0.73 |
| >0–≤315 | 2215 (6.7) | 19 (6.3) | 0.93 (0.58, 1.49) | >0–≤315 | 2222 (6.8) | 19 (6.3) | 0.93 (0.58, 1.49) | |||
| >315–≤1181 | 2245 (6.8) | 14 (4.7) | 0.67 (0.39, 1.15) | >315–≤1190 | 2261 (6.9) | 14 (4.7) | 0.66 (0.39, 1.14) | |||
| >1181 | 2192 (6.7) | 18 (6) | 0.97 (0.60, 1.57) | >1190 | 2205 (6.7) | 18 (6) | 0.97 (0.6, 1.57) | |||
| Glyphosate | Never use | 8307 (23.3) | 86 (24.2) | Ref | 0.09 | Never use | 5247 (14.8) | 62 (17.5) | Ref | 0.10 |
| >0–≤677 | 8996 (25.2) | 106 (29.8) | 1.17 (0.88, 1.55) | >0–≤970 | 9965 (28) | 132 (37.2) | 1.21 (0.88, 1.65) | |||
| >677–≤2604 | 9313 (26.1) | 91 (25.6) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.33) | >970–≤3352 | 10318 (29) | 84 (23.7) | 0.92 (0.64, 1.34) | |||
| >2604 | 9015 (25.3) | 73 (20.5) | 0.85 (0.62, 1.17) | >3352 | 10018 (28.2) | 77 (21.7) | 0.88 (0.62, 1.25) | |||
| Imazethapyr | Never use | 17941 (55.5) | 173 (58.6) | Ref | 0.38 | Never use | 17152 (53.1) | 169 (56.9) | Ref | 0.64 |
| >0–≤341 | 4874 (15.1) | 42 (14.2) | 1.00 (0.70, 1.45) | >0–≤403 | 5007 (15.5) | 47 (15.8) | 1.03 (0.72, 1.47) | |||
| >341–≤1008 | 4752 (14.7) | 41 (13.9) | 1.05 (0.73, 1.52) | >403–≤1176 | 5205 (16.1) | 42 (14.1) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.35) | |||
| >1008 | 4733 (14.7) | 39 (13.2) | 1.18 (0.81, 1.72) | >1176 | 4964 (15.4) | 39 (13.1) | 1.11 (0.76, 1.62) | |||
| Metolachlor | Never use | 17519 (52.8) | 182 (60.1) | Ref | 0.79 | Never use | 16273 (49) | 174 (57.4) | Ref | 0.71 |
| >0–≤720 | 5255 (15.8) | 35 (11.6) | 0.67 (0.46, 0.96) | >0–≤760 | 5600 (16.9) | 41 (13.5) | 0.72 (0.51, 1.03) | |||
| >720–≤2688 | 5322 (16) | 44 (14.5) | 0.84 (0.6, 1.17) | >760–≤2700 | 5776 (17.4) | 44 (14.5) | 0.78 (0.55, 1.1) | |||
| >2688 | 5079 (15.3) | 42 (13.9) | 0.90 (0.64, 1.26) | >2700 | 5585 (16.8) | 44 (14.5) | 0.89 (0.63, 1.25) | |||
| Paraquat | Never use | 15305 (84.1) | 188 (82.5) | Ref | 0.45 | Never use | 15216 (81.9) | 188 (81.7) | Ref | 0.36 |
| >0–≤289 | 961 (5.3) | 13 (5.7) | 1.03 (0.58, 1.81) | >0–≤308 | 1111 (6) | 13 (5.7) | 0.92 (0.51, 1.63) | |||
| >289–≤1232 | 975 (5.4) | 18 (7.9) | 1.42 (0.86, 2.33) | >308–≤1308 | 1135 (6.1) | 20 (8.7) | 1.49 (0.92, 2.41) | |||
| >1232 | 960 (5.3) | 9 (3.9) | 0.74 (0.37, 1.49) | >1308 | 1113 (6) | 9 (3.9) | 0.69 (0.34, 1.38) | |||
| Pendimethalin | Never use | 11440 (62.9) | 154 (68.1) | Ref | 0.25 | Never use | 10685 (53.9) | 145 (60.9) | Ref | 0.57 |
| >0–≤341 | 2262 (12.4) | 32 (14.2) | 1.13 (0.77, 1.66) | >0–≤378 | 3003 (15.2) | 38 (16) | 1.1 (0.77, 1.57) | |||
| >341–≤1320 | 2263 (12.4) | 23 (10.2) | 0.90 (0.58, 1.40) | >378≤1232 | 3114 (15.7) | 32 (13.4) | 0.97 (0.65, 1.44) | |||
| >1320 | 2227 (12.2) | 17 (7.5) | 0.76 (0.46, 1.26) | >1232 | 3005 (15.2) | 23 (9.7) | 0.89 (0.57, 1.39) | |||
| Petroleum | Never use | 14257 (78.9) | 184 (83.6) | Ref | 0.72 | Never use | 14169 (78.1) | 183 (82.8) | Ref | 0.59 |
| >0–≤515 | 1266 (7) | 9 (4.1) | 0.57 (0.29, 1.11) | >0–≤495 | 1317 (7.3) | 11 (5) | 0.67 (0.36, 1.23) | |||
| >515–≤2500 | 1286 (7.1) | 13 (5.9) | 0.91 (0.52, 1.61) | >495–≤2408 | 1355 (7.5) | 13 (5.9) | 0.88 (0.5, 1.55) | |||
| >2500 | 1261 (7) | 14 (6.4) | 0.89 (0.52, 1.53) | >2408 | 1312 (7.2) | 14 (6.3) | 0.85 (0.49, 1.47) | |||
| Trifluralin | Never use | 14464 (45.7) | 116 (40.4) | Ref | 0.07 | Never use | 14106 (44.5) | 113 (39.4) | Ref | 0.10 |
| >0–≤1008 | 5653 (17.9) | 61 (21.3) | 1.40 (1.01, 1.95) | >0–≤1046 | 5779 (18.2) | 64 (22.3) | 1.42 (1.02, 1.97) | |||
| >1008–≤3828 | 5877 (18.6) | 47 (16.4) | 1.05 (0.73, 1.52) | >1046–≤3906 | 6144 (19.4) | 49 (17.1) | 1.05 (0.73, 1.52) | |||
| >3828 | 5669 (17.9) | 63 (22) | 1.50 (1.06, 2.11) | >3906 | 5672 (17.9) | 61 (21.3) | 1.48 (1.04, 2.1) | |||
| 2,4-D | Never use | 8108 (22.9) | 72 (20.5) | Ref | 0.52 | Never use | 6928 (19.5) | 67 (18.9) | Ref | 0.52 |
| >0–≤1269 | 8944 (25.3) | 84 (23.9) | 1.07 (0.78, 1.47) | >0–≤1440 | 9486 (26.6) | 97 (27.3) | 1.08 (0.79, 1.49) | |||
| >1269–≤5104 | 9303 (26.3) | 97 (27.6) | 1.04 (0.76, 1.43) | >1440–≤5394 | 9767 (27.4) | 86 (24.2) | 0.87 (0.62, 1.22) | |||
| >5104 | 9035 (25.5) | 99 (28.1) | 0.96 (0.7, 1.31) | >5394 | 9432 (26.5) | 105 (29.6) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.29) | |||
| 2,4,5-T d | Never use | 13328 (80.9) | 143 (71.9) | Ref | 0.71 | - | - | - | - | |
| >0–≤289 | 1068 (6.5) | 20 (10.1) | 1.21 (0.75, 1.95) | |||||||
| >289–≤1006 | 1069 (6.5) | 20 (10.1) | 1.27 (0.78, 2.05) | |||||||
| >1006 | 1007 (6.1) | 16 (8) | 1.11 (0.65, 1.89) | |||||||
| Atrazine | Never use | 9709 (27.3) | 95 (27) | Ref | 0.64 | Never use | 8473 (23.8) | 87 (24.7) | Ref | 0.53 |
| >0–≤1050 | 8525 (23.9) | 87 (24.7) | 1.14 (0.84, 1.54) | >0–≤1221 | 8960 (25.2) | 97 (27.6) | 1.17 (0.86, 1.59) | |||
| >1050–≤4456 | 8826 (24.8) | 85 (24.1) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.34) | >1221–≤4666 | 9250 (26) | 83 (23.6) | 0.95 (0.69, 1.3) | |||
| >4456 | 8556 (24) | 85 (24.1) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.34) | >4666 | 8943 (25.1) | 85 (24.1) | 0.98 (0.72, 1.34) | |||
| Cyanazine | Never use | 19018 (57.2) | 174 (57.4) | Ref | 0.79 | Never use | 18910 (56.9) | 173 (57.1) | Ref | 0.66 |
| >0–≤560 | 4706 (14.2) | 40 (13.2) | 0.84 (0.59, 1.20) | >0–≤588 | 4808 (14.5) | 39 (12.9) | 0.81 (0.57, 1.17) | |||
| >560–≤2268 | 4850 (14.6) | 45 (14.9) | 0.91 (0.64, 1.28) | >588–≤2279 | 4792 (14.4) | 46 (15.2) | 0.94 (0.66, 1.32) | |||
| >2268 | 4665 (14) | 44 (14.5) | 1.00 (0.71, 1.42) | >2279 | 4716 (14.2) | 45 (14.9) | 1.03 (0.73, 1.45) | |||
| Metribuzin | Never use | 9599 (59.7) | 115 (61.5) | Ref | 0.33 | Never use | 9513 (58) | 115 (60.8) | Ref | 0.37 |
| >0–≤319 | 2148 (13.4) | 30 (16) | 1.10 (0.71, 1.69) | >0–≤341 | 2358 (14.4) | 31 (16.4) | 1.01 (0.65, 1.56) | |||
| >319–≤1024 | 2193 (13.6) | 21 (11.2) | 0.77 (0.47, 1.27) | >341–≤1054 | 2259 (13.8) | 21 (11.1) | 0.75 (0.46, 1.23) | |||
| >1024 | 2128 (13.2) | 21 (11.2) | 0.81 (0.49, 1.33) | >1054 | 2260 (13.8) | 22 (11.6) | 0.81 (0.50, 1.34) | |||
Abbreviation: 2,4-D, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-T,P, 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid; CI, Confidence Intervals; DDT, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; EPTC, S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate; HR, Hazard Ratio
a
Tertile cut-off and n (%) may differ between Phase 1 and Phase 2 exposure because of difference in exposure information and missingness
b
HR adjusted for sex, state of residence, smoking status, education, and ever-use of correlated pesticides (other pesticides whose ever-use variable had Spearman correlation ≥ 0.40 with the ever-use variable of the target pesticide)
c
P-value for test for trend
d
HR not presented if, at Phase 2, pesticide exposure since enrollment was not reported
e
HR allowed to vary by the median age (i.e., 63 years) for pesticides that did not meet proportional hazards assumption (p ≤ 0.10)
f
Proportional hazards assumption not met for those in italics, but there was no adequate sample size to provide stratified estimates by the median age
g
HR not presented as there were less than 5 exposed cases