Table 2.
Associate factors with anemia among WRA in Lao PDR.
| Characteristics | Crude | Adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age, years | ||||
| 15–24 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 25–34 | 0.83 (0.75–0.90) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.74–0.90) | <0.001 |
| 35–49 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.57 | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) | 0.29 |
|
| ||||
| Education | ||||
| None | Reference | Reference | ||
| Primary | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 0.005 | 0.89 (0.78–1.00) | 0.06 |
| Lower secondary | 0.87 (0.77–0.98) | 0.02 | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | 0.21 |
| Upper secondary | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 0.04 | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) | 0.26 |
| Postsecondary/nontertiary | 0.73 (0.58–0.91) | 0.006 | 0.76 (0.60–0.97) | 0.03 |
| Higher | 0.82 (0.71–0.95) | 0.001 | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.27 |
|
| ||||
| Ethnolinguistic | ||||
| Lao-Tai | Reference | Reference | ||
| Mon-Khmer | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.51 | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | 0.45 |
| Hmong-Mien | 0.52 (0.45–0.60) | <0.001 | 0.48 (0.39–0.59) | <0.001 |
| Chinese-Tibetan | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) | 0.07 | 1.23 (0.94–1.61) | 0.11 |
| Other | 1.18 (0.82–1.71) | 0.35 | 0.97 (0.66–1.41) | 0.87 |
|
| ||||
| Religion | ||||
| Buddhist | Reference | Reference | ||
| Animist | 0.82 (0.75–0.88) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 0.49 |
| Christian | 1.05 (0.78–1.41) | 0.72 | 1.14 (0.83–1.56) | 0.41 |
| Other | 1.27 (0.57–2.82) | 0.54 | 1.43 (0.63–3.25) | 0.38 |
|
| ||||
| Area of residence | ||||
| Urban | Reference | Reference | ||
| Rural with road | 1.18 (1.09–1.28) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.00–1.20) | 0.03 |
| Rural without road | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) | 0.24 | 0.90 (0.77–1.05) | 0.21 |
|
| ||||
| Region of residence | ||||
| Northern provinces | Reference | Reference | ||
| Central provinces | 2.17 (1.99–2.37) | <0.001 | 2.16 (1.96–2.38) | <0.001 |
| Southern provinces | 2.26 (2.03–2.51) | <0.001 | 2.05 (1.82–2.31) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Size of family | ||||
| ≤3 persons | Reference | Reference | ||
| 4–6 persons | 1.06 (0.96–1.18) | 0.19 | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 0.12 |
| >6 persons | 1.19 (1.06–1.35) | 0.004 | 1.14 (1.01–1.29) | 0.03 |
|
| ||||
| Source of drinking water | ||||
| Improved | Reference | Reference | ||
| Unimproved | 1.36 (1.23–1.51) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.10–1.39) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Type of toilet facility | ||||
| Improved | Reference | Reference | ||
| Unimproved | 1.36 (1.25–1.48) | <0.001 | 1.15(1.03–1.28) | 0.01 |
|
| ||||
| Pregnancy status | ||||
| None | Reference | Reference | ||
| Current pregnant | 1.41 (1.19–1.68) | <0.001 | 1.46 (1.22–1.74) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Adverse pregnancy outcomes | ||||
| No (live births) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes (stillbirths, miscarriage, abortion) | 1.19 (1.08–1.30) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.03–1.25) | 0.008 |
|
| ||||
| Watching TV | ||||
| None | Reference | Reference | ||
| Less than once a week | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) | 0.12 | 0.84 (0.69–1.03) | 0.10 |
| At least once a week | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) | 0.01 | 0.80 (0.69–0.92) | 0.003 |
| Almost everyday | 0.87 (0.80–0.96) | 0.006 | 0.84 (0.75–0.95) | 0.005 |
|
| ||||
| Ever smoking | ||||
| None | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) | 0.03 | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.94 |
|
| ||||
| Ever drunk alcohol | ||||
| None | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) | 0.03 | 0.92 (0.83–1.03) | 0.18 |