Table 2.
Human female GCs differentiation from PSCs in vitro.
| Cell types | Main induction methods | Achievements | Journal, year (reference) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Generated cells | Characterization of generated cells | |||
| ESCs | Spontaneous differentiation Suspension culture |
Oocyte-like cells | Morphology Marker expressions (SCP1, SCP3, and GDF9) |
Hum Mol Genet, 2004 [61] |
| ESCs | BMP4 Suspension culture |
PGCs | Morphology Marker expressions (VASA and SCP3) |
Stem cells dev, 2006 [62] |
| VSELs | Spontaneous differentiation Suspension culture |
Oocyte-like cells | Morphology Marker expressions (C-KIT, VASA, and ZP2) |
Differentiation, 2008 [78] |
| ESCs iPSCs |
Coculture with fetal gonadal cells Adherent culture |
PGCs | Morphology Marker expressions (DAZL, VASA, and SSEA1) |
Stem Cells, 2009 [12] |
| ESCs | VASA overexpression BMP4, BMP7, and BMP8b Adherent culture |
PGCs | Morphology Marker expressions (DAZL, VASA, and SCP3) Epigenetic analysis |
Nature, 2009 [66] |
| ESCs | RA Suspension culture |
Oocyte-like cells | Morphology Marker expressions (SSEA1, DAZL, and VASA) |
Hum Repro, 2009 [63] |
| iPSCs | Overexpression of DAZL and BOULE BMP4, BMP7, and BMP8b Adherent culture |
PGCs | Morphology Marker expressions (STELLA and DMC1) Elongated SC formation |
Human Mol Genet, 2011 [68] |
| VSELs | Spontaneous differentiation Adherent culture |
Oocyte-like cells | Morphology Marker expressions (DAZL, ZP4, and GDF9) |
Stem Cells Dev, 2011 [79] |
| ESCs iPSCs |
VASA overexpression Adherent culture |
PGCs Postmeiotic GCs |
Morphology Marker expressions (GCNF, LHR, and ZP2) SCP formation analysis Epigenetic analysis |
Stem Cells, 2012 [67] |
| ESCs | STELLA overexpression RA Adherent culture |
PGCs | Marker expressions (VASA, SCP3, and SOX17) | PloS one, 2013 [69] |
| ESCs iPSCs |
(i) 4i (MAPK, GSK3, P38, and JNK inhibitors), LIF, TGFβ, and bFGF Adherent culture (ii) BMP2/4, LIF, SCF, and EGF Suspension culture |
PGCLCs | Morphology Marker expressions (BLIMP1 and STELLA) Global transcription profiles Epigenetic analysis |
Cell, 2015 [7] |
| iPSCs | (i) ActA and GSK3b inhibitor Adherent culture (ii) GMEM/KSR, BMP4, LIF, SCF, and EGF Suspension culture |
iMeLCs PGCLCs |
Morphology Marker expressions (PRDM14 andSOX17) Global transcription profiles Epigenetic analysis |
Cell stem cell, 2015 [6] |
| ESCs iPSCs |
(i) ActA, bFGF, and BMP4 (5 ng/ml) Adherent culture (ii) Lif and BMP4 (100 ng/ml) Suspension culture |
Mesodermal-like cells PGCLCs |
Morphology Marker expressions (BLIMP1 and STELLA) global transcription profiles Epigenetic analysis |
EMBO J, 2015 [36] |
| ESCs | Overexpression of DAZL and BOULE GDF9 and BMP15 Adherent culture |
FLCs | Morphology Marker expressions (ZP2, NOBOX, and AMH) Global transcription profiles Estradiol secretion |
Nat commun, 2017 [74] |
| VSELs | Follicular fluid “serum” medium Adherent culture |
Oocyte-like cells | Morphology Marker expression (ZP1-3) |
Stem Cell Rev Rep, 2018 [80] |
| iPSCs | Coculture with mouse gonadal cells Suspension culture |
PGCLCs Oogonia-like cells |
Morphology Marker expressions (SCP3, REC8 and STRA8) Transcriptome dynamics Epigenetic analysis X chromosome activity |
Science, 2018 [8] |
ESCs: embryonic stem cells; iPSCs: induced pluripotent stem cells; VSELs: very small embryonic-like stem cells; iMeLCs: incipient mesoderm-like cells; PGCs: primordial germ cells; PGCLCs: primordial germ cell-like cells; FLCs: follicle-like cells; SCP: synaptonemal complex protein.