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Inflammation, hypoxia, and apoptosis. PHG significantly reduced HIF-1α level (a) and PA induced NF-κB activation (b) in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, it selectively inhibited COX-1 (c) with no effect on COX-2 (d). PHG stimulated Caspase 9 (e) and inhibited steatosis-induced activation of Caspase 3, showing its antiapoptotic properties (f). The expression of proteins involved in the inflammatory process assessed in Western blot (g). The band intensity was calculated as a % of control.
