Table 2.
Adherence measure and medication adherence results of the studies reviewed.
| Adherence measure, study, and results on medication adherence | Statistically significanta | ||
| Serum level (0 - 100) |
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Levine et al [28] |
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The coefficient of variability (SD/mean × 100) of tacrolimus levels was 33.0 for the intervention group and 32.8 for the control group (Cohen d = 0.01). | – | |
| The coefficient of variability was 33.8 for the intervention group and 32.8 for the control group (Cohen d = 0.07). | – | ||
| Fill first prescription (0 %- 100%) |
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Cizmic et al [39] |
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49% of the intervention group filled their first prescription compared to 31% of the control group (ORb 2.17; 95% CI 1.29-3.67). | + |
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O’Connor et al [33] | – | |
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84% of the intervention group filled their first prescription compared to 84% of the control group (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.79-1.11). | – |
| Bottle openings (0%-100%) |
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Kessler et al [45] |
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Average daily adherence was 53% for the intervention group and 36% for the control group (Cohen d = 0.70). | + |
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Average daily adherence was 55% for the intervention group and 36% for the control group (Cohen d = 0.70). | + |
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|
Márquez Contreras et al [29] |
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Average daily adherence was 86% for the intervention group and 63% for the control group (Cohen d = 4.72). | + |
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|
Montalescot et al [31] |
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Average daily adherence was 92% for the intervention group and 92% for the control group (Cohen d = 0.02). | – |
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Reese et al [34] |
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Average daily adherence was 77% for the intervention group and 75% for the control group. | – |
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Average daily adherence was 71% for the intervention group and 75% for the control group. | – |
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Reese et al [34] |
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Average daily adherence was 73% for the intervention group and 79% for the control group. | – |
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Average daily adherence was 75% for the intervention group and 79% for the control group. | – |
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Average daily adherence was 75% for the intervention group and 79% for the control group. | – |
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Reese et al [35] |
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Average daily adherence (during the final 90 days) was 78% for the intervention group and 55% for the control group (Cohen d = 0.37). | + |
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Average daily adherence (during final 90 days) was 88% for the intervention group and 55% for the control group (Cohen d = 0.57). | + |
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Svendsen et al [36] |
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66% of the intervention group was considered adherent compared to 38% of the control group (OR 3.22; 95% CI 1.53-6.80). | + |
| PDCc,d (0% - 100%) |
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Abughosh et al [25] |
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PDC was 58% for the intervention group and 29% for the control group (Cohen d = 1.32). | + |
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Abughosh et al [26] |
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PDC was 66% for the intervention group and 57% for the control group (Cohen d = 0.26). | + |
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Choudhry et al [37] |
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PDC was 46% for the intervention group and 42% for the control group (Cohen d = 0.12). | + |
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Ducoulombier et al [42] | + | |
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65% of the intervention group was considered adherent compared to 33% of the control group (OR 3.71; 95% CI 1.94-7.07). | + |
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Kooij et al [27] |
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PDC was 81% for the intervention group and 76% for the control group (Cohen d = 1.34). | + |
|
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Vollmer et al [38] |
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PDC was 58% for the intervention group and 56% for the control group (Cohen d = 2.09). | + |
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PDC was 59% for the intervention group and 56% for the control group (Cohen d = 2.14). | + |
| AACTGAIe (0% - 100%) |
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Claborn et al [40] |
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Adherence was 81% for the intervention group and 81% for the control group (Cohen d = –0.03). | – |
| ITASf (0-12) |
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Côté et al [41] |
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Mean ITAS score was 11.7 in the intervention group and 11.3 in the control group (Cohen d = 0.30). | – |
| MMAS g (0-8) |
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Kamal et al [43] |
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Mean MMAS score was 7.4 in the intervention group and 6.7 in the control group (Cohen d = 0.62). | + |
| MMAS (0-8) |
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Kamal et al [44] |
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Mean MMAS score was 7.3 in the intervention group and 7.1 in the control group (Cohen d = 0.03). | – |
| MMAS-4 (0-8) |
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Mira et al [30] |
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Mean MMAS score was 7.4 in the intervention group and 7.3 in the control group (Cohen d = 0.12; not corrected for baseline). | + |
| MMAS (0-8) |
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Morawski et al [32] |
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Mean MMAS score was 6.3 in the intervention group and 5.7 in the control group (Cohen d = 0.35). | + |
aAs reported by the authors. + indicates P<.05 favoring intervention and – indicates P>.05 (no significant difference between groups).
bOR: odds ratio.
cPDC: percentage of days covered.
dAll PDC outcomes were based on refill data; pill counts were considered separately.
eAACTGAI: Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group Adherence Instrument.
fITAS: Immunosuppressant Therapy Adherence Instrument.
gMMAS: Morisky Medication Adherence Scale.