Table 3.
Baseline physiological measures
| Outcome | Exercise group | Usual care |
|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
| Flow-mediated dilatation | ||
| Baseline diameter (mm) | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.5 |
| Max diameter (mm) | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 0.8 |
| Recovery diameter (mm) | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 5.1 ± 0.4 |
| FMD (%) | 6.9 ± 2.4 | 7.6 ± 2.4 |
| Shear baseline (s−1) | 76.8 ± 24.5 | 80.9 ± 20.8 |
| Shear max (s−1) | 390.8 ± 76.0 | 389.8 ± 143.3 |
| Shear area to max | 8558.9 ± 1638.5 | 8883.6 ± 4413.4 |
| Cardiovascular health | ||
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 71.7 ± 12.5 | 66.8 ± 9.3 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138 ± 17 | 136 ± 15 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 82 ± 13 | 82 ± 9 |
| QRisk-2 Score (%) | 17.0 ± 7.7 | 18.0 ± 6.8 |
| Anthropometric profile | ||
| Body mass (kg) | 88.0 ± 13.3 | 87.6 ± 13.9 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 3.5 | 28.3 ± 4.1 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 99.6 ± 10.0 | 103.0 ± 9.7 |
| Waist/hip | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
| Fat (%) | 18.3 ± 4.0 | 17.9 ± 4.6 |
| Sum of 6 skinfolds (mm) | 104 ± 25 | 101 ± 27 |
| Sum of 8 skinfolds (mm) | 136 ± 29 | 133 ± 35 |
| Blood biomarkers | ||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.2 ± 1.9 | 5.4 ± 0.6 |
| Insulin (μU/ml) | 34.2 ± 14.7 | 38.4 ± 21.5 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.3 ± 5.4 | 0.6 ± 0.4 |
| Total Chol (mmol/L) | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 5.0 ± 1.5 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 1.2 |
| Non-HDL (mmol/L) | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.5 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.6 |
| Total/HDL (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.1 |
| Submaximal aerobic exercise | ||
| Stage | 30.0 ± 11.4 | 29.8 ± 10.3 |
| Time (secs) | 580 ± 229 | 576 ± 205 |
| Estimated VO2Peak (ml/kg/min) | 38.6 ± 13.8 | 38.7 ± 12.5 |
| Max heart rate (bpm) | 143.2 ± 17.3 | 132.9 ± 17.3 |
| Strength | ||
| 30-s bicep curl test (reps) | 20.0 ± 5.7 | 19.4 ± 4.2 |
| 30-s chair stand test (reps) | 17.9 ± 5.1 | 16.1 ± 5.3 |
SD standard deviation, FMD flow-mediated dilatation, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HOMA-IR insulin resistance, Chol cholesterol, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, VO2Peak maximal aerobic capacity, reps repetitions, secs seconds