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. 2021 Jan 22;7:7. doi: 10.1038/s41522-020-00181-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Gastrointestinal microbiome differs between oral-gut body sites. Our rodent model showed similar pattern of the microbial communities in oral (oral swab and dental plaque) and gut (feces) sites in human reported previously. This model was then applied to assess the impact of thonzonium bromide in the host microbiota; topical oral treatment caused localized microbiome disturbances while promoting turnover of specific oral species in the gut microbiota.