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. 2021 Jan 22;11:2070. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81718-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Tree of life built with concatenated ribosomal proteins following methods from¹⁵. Clades of ammonia oxidizing organisms highlighted in orange and labeled. The distribution of ammonia oxidation is polyphyletic, spread across one lineage within the Archaea (Nitrososphaeria) and three within the Bacteria (Nitrosococcales and Nitrosomonadaceae in the Proteobacteria phylum, and some members of the genus Nitrospira within the Nitrospirota phylum).