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. 2021 Jan 22;11:2070. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81718-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Molecular clock showing estimated age of clades of ammonia oxidizing bacteria. Phylum-level clades highlighted in gray and brown, with ammonia oxidizing clades highlighted in orange. Approximate timing of Great Oxygenation Event (~ 2.45–2.3 Ga) and Neoproterozoic/Paleozoic Oxygenation Event (~ 635–420 Ma) shown with light blue bars. While stem lineages of AOB clades may predate the NOE, the radiation of crown groups all occur broadly coincident or subsequent to the NOE, suggesting that evolutionary radiations of nitrogen-cycling organisms may have been causally linked with expansions in ocean oxygenation and/or productivity during this time period.