Table 2.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages

The simulator is inexpensive to manufacture

It is easy to assemble and use

Real instruments and implants can be used

The same procedure can be attempted using different implants

The simulator has high face validity and discriminates between novice and expert

Disadvantages

Requires 3D printer and printing skills

Development of a new model takes time and some 3D printing skills

The 0° USB endoscope is not representative of actual surgical practice

3D, 3-dimensional.