Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings of patients with COVID-19 (Case patients) and matched controls
| All adults (N = 1188) | Case patients (n = 594) | Controls (n = 594) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), year | 65 (51.5–76) | 65 (52–76) | 65 (51–76) |
| Sex, n (%, 95% CI) | |||
| Male | 663 (55.8, 52.9–58.6) | 333 (56.0, 51.9–60.0) | 330 (55.6, 51.4–59.6) |
| Female | 524 (44.2, 41.3–47.0) | 261 (44.0, 39.9–48.0) | 263 (44.3, 40.2–48.4) |
| Comorbidities, n (%, 95% CI) | |||
| Hypertension | 470 (39.6, 36.8–42.4) | 242 (40.7, 36.7–44.8) | 228 (38.4, 34.4–42.4) |
| Diabetes | 222 (18.7, 16.5–21.0) | 120 (20.2, 17.0–23.6) | 102 (17.1, 14.2–20.5) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 110 (9.3, 7.7–11.0) | 51 (8.6, 6.5–11.1) | 59 (9.9, 7.6–12.6) |
| Congestive heart failure | 168 (14.1, 12.2–16.2) | 84 (14.1, 11.4–17.2) | 170 (14.3, 25.0–32.4) |
| Liver cirrhosis | 19 (1.6, 0.1–2.4) | 8 (1.3, 0.1–2.6) | 11 (1.9, 1.0–3.2) |
| Medication, n (%, 95% CI) | |||
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | 46 (3.9, 2.8–5.1) | 27 (4.5, 3.0–6.5) | 19 (3.2, 1.9–4.9) |
| Other diuretics | 203 (17.1, 14.9–19.3) | 95 (16.0, 13.1–19.1) | 108 (18.2, 15.1–21.5) |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 159 (13.4, 11.5–15.4) | 70 (11.8, 9.3–14.6) | 89 (15.0, 12.2–18.1) |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 142 (12.0, 10.2–13.9) | 83 (14.0, 11.3–17.0) | 59 (10.0, 7.6–12.6) |
| Corticosteroids | 62 (5.2, 4.0–6.6) | 31 (5.2, 3.6–7.3) | 31 (5.2, 3.6–7.3) |
| Initial clinical findings, n (%, 95% CI) | |||
| Diarrhea | 202 (17.0, 14.9–19.2) | 156 (26.3, 22.8–30.0) | 46 (7.7, 5.7–10.2) |
| Vomiting | 137 (10.6, 9.8–13.5) | 52 (8.7, 6.6–11.3) | 85 (14.3, 11.6–17.4) |
| Initial laboratory tests | |||
| Sodium, mmol/l; median (IQR) | 139 (136–141) | 138 (135–141) | 139 (137 -141) |
| Hyponatremia, n (%, 95% CI) | 194 (16.3, 14.3–18.6) | 121 (20.4, 17.2–23.8) | 73 (12.3, 9.7–15.2) |
| Potassium, mmol/l; median (IQR) | 4.0 (3.7–4.3) | 3.9 (3.6–4.3) | 4.0 (3.75–4.3) |
| Hypokalemia, n (%, 95% CI) | 148 (12.5, 10.6–14.5) | 90 (15.1, 12.4–18.3) | 58 (9.8, 7.4–12.4) |
| Chloride, mmol/l; median (IQR) | 101 (98–104) | 100 (97–104) | 102 (99–105) |
| Hypochloremia, n (%, 95% CI) | 141 (11.9, 10.0–13.8) | 84 (14.1, 11.4–17.2) | 57 (9.6, 6.9–11.7) |
| Urea, mmol/l; median (IQR) | 5.6 (4.2–8.1) | 5.6 (4.0–8.1) | 5.6 (4.3–8.0) |
| Creatinine, µmol/l; median (IQR) | 78.2 (64–101) | 79 (65–102) | 78 (64–99.5) |
95% CI 95% interval confidence, IQR interquartile