Table 3.

Results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis comparing ED patients without COVID-19 (n = 594), patients with mild to moderate presentation of COVID-19 (n = 498), and patients with critical presentation (n = 96)

	Multivariate logistic regression, controls versus cases with mild to moderate presentation, Adjusted OR, (95% CI)	P value	Multivariate logistic regression, controls versus cases with critical presentation, adjusted OR, (95% CI)	P value
Comorbidities
Hypertension	1.17 (0.87–1.58)	0.297	1.06 (0.57–1.94)	0.85
Diabetes	1.15 (0.84–1.56)	0.392	1.61 (0.87–2.90)	0.12
Chronic kidney disease	1.01 (0.65–1.55)	0.978	0.64 (0.22–1.64)	0.37
Congestive heart failure	0.95 (0.66–1.36)	0.767	0.71 (0.26–1.80)	0.49
Liver cirrhosis	0.53 (0.20–1.20)	0.152	0.00 (0.00–4213.52)	0.98
Medication
Potassium-sparing diuretics	1.19 (0.66–2.10)	0.560	2.03 (0.68–5.23)	0.168
Other diuretics	0.78 (0.55–1.11)	0.165	2.98 (0.91–8.71)	0.054
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors	0.89 (0.46–1.61)	0.705	1.03 (0.48–2.12)	0.933
Angiotensin receptor blockers	1.18 (0.79–1.74)	0.418	2.23 (1.04–4.73)	0.037
Corticosteroids	1.12 (0.67–1.84)	0.659	1.29 (0.42–3.47)	0.64
Initial clinical findings
Diarrhea	3.31 (2.48–4.43)	< 0.001	5.08 (2.68–9.59)	< 0.001
Vomiting	0.43 (0.28–0.63)	< 0.001	0.30 (0.13–0.64)	0.003
Initial laboratory tests
Hyponatremia	1.63 (1.10–2.39)	0.014	2.80 (1.39–5.58)	0.004
Hypokalemia	1.67 (1.18–2.34)	0.003	1.97 (0.96–3.88)	0.056
Hypochloremia	0.96 (0.61–1.51)	0.875	1.70 (0.77–3.66)	0.180

OR odds ratios, 95% CI 95% confidence interval