Fig. 2.

Galanin promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and suppresses the mROS production in vitro.

A Baseline oxygen consumption rate (OCR) following treatments with 10 nM galanin for 30 min (0.5 h) and 4 h in H9C2 cells. B Basal respiration, C maximal mitochondria respiration, D ATP production, E proton leak, F spare respiratory capacity, G non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption. H Glucose oxidation in H9C2 cells treated with galanin (10, 100, 1000nM). I, J Representative images and quantification of MitoSox Red staining in H9C2 cells subjected to 2 h of hypoxia (H) or normoxia (C) in presence or absence of 10 nM galanin. Data represents the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001 vs control (C). ###P < 0.001 vs H. Statistical analysis was carried out Student's two-tailed t-test. For J statistical analysis was carried out by one-way ANOVA. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)