Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics and results of the included studies.
| Authors/Year | Study Design | Participants | Intervention | Comparative | Outcomes Variable (Tool) |
| AbdelGawad et al. (2015) [20] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Dx: CP Age (mean ± standard deviation years): (I) 5.75 ± 0.51 (C) 5.83 ± 0.34 Sex: 60% F, 40% M Inclusion criteria: No BTA, MAS 1-2, standing |
n = 15 Shock wave therapy and conventional rehabilitation programme |
n = 15 conventional rehabilitation programme |
Motor impairment (Hmax–Mmax) Functional independence (gait analysis) |
| Altindaǧ et al. (2014) [26] | Case series | Dx: Stroke, CP, SPI Age (years): 36.6 ± 23.37 Sex: 44% F, 56% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, MAS > 2 |
n = 9 Shock wave therapy and conventional rehabilitation programme |
Motor impairment (MAS) | |
| Amelio et al. (2010) [31] | Quasi-experimental pre-post | Dx: CP Age (years): 5.83 ± 2.31 Sex: 50% F, 50% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, gait |
n = 12 1st session placebo and 2nd session shock wave therapy |
Motor Function (PROM) Motor impairment (MAS) Functional independence (podobarometry) |
|
| Daliri et al. (2015) [18] | Quasi-experimental pre-post | Dx: Stroke Age (years): 54.4 ± 9.4 Sex: 20% F, 80% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, Stroke > 6 months |
n = 15 1st session placebo and 2nd session shock wave therapy |
Motor impairment (MAS, BMRS, Hmax-Mmax) | |
| Duan et al. (2016) [30] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Dx: Stroke Age (years) (I) 48.29 ± 12.30 (C) 50.67 ± 14.27 Sex: 48% F, 52% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA |
n = 24 Shock wave therapy and conventional rehabilitation programme |
n = 24 conventional rehabilitation programme |
Motor impairment (MAS, FMA) |
| Dymarek et al. (b/2016) [7] | Quasi-experimental pre-post | Dx: Stroke Age (years): 63.15 ± 12.60 Sex: 65% F, 35% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, MAS > 1+, Stroke > 9 months |
n = 20 Shock wave therapy |
Motor impairment (MAS) Electrodiagnostic (EMG, IRT) |
|
| Dymarek et al. (a/2016) [6] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Dx: Stroke Age (years) (I) 61.43 ± 12.74 (C) 60.87 ± 9.51 Sex: 43% F, 57% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, MAS > 1+, Stroke > 9 months |
n = 30 Shock wave therapy |
n = 30 Placebo |
Motor impairment (MAS) Electrodiagnostic (EMG, IRT) |
| El-Shamy et al. (2014) [22] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Dx: CP Age (years) (I) 6.93 ± 0.8 (C) 6.8 ± 0.77 Sex: 40% F, 60% M Inclusion criteria: No BTA, independent gait |
n = 15 Shock wave therapy and conventional rehabilitation programme |
n = 15 conventional rehabilitation programme |
Motor impairment (MAS) Functional independence (gait analysis) |
| Gonkova et al. (2013) [8] | Quasi-experimental pre-post | Dx: CP Age (years): 4.84 ± 3.11 Sex: 36% F, 64% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA |
n = 25 1st session placebo and 2nd session radial shock wave therapy |
Motor Function (PROM) Motor impairment (MAS) Functional independence (podobarometry) |
|
| Guo et al. (2019) [1] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Dx: Stroke Age (years) (I–A) 66.79 ± 11.02 (I–B) 67.15 ± 11.23 (I–C) 68.72.0 ± 10.56 (C) 69.72 ± 11.13 Sex: 44% F, 56% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, MAS > 1, <4, Stroke > 6 months |
Group A: n = 30 Shock wave therapy and conventional rehabilitation programme Group B: n = 30 Mirror therapy and conventional rehabilitation programme Group C: n = 30 Mirror therapy, shock wave and conventional rehabilitation programme |
n = 30 conventional rehabilitation programme |
Motor impairment (MAS, FMA) |
| Kim et al. (2013) [28] | Quasi-experimental pre-post | Dx: stroke Age (years): 55.4 ± 13.2 Sex: 42% F, 58% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, MAS > 1, Stroke > 9 months |
n = 57 Radial shock wave therapy and conventional rehabilitation programme |
Motor function (PROM) Motor impairment (MAS) Pain (VAS) |
|
| Lee et al. (2019) [15] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Dx: stroke Age (years): (I) 50.89 ± 8.81 (C) 44.11 ± 4.07 Sex: 11% F, 89% M Inclusion criteria: No BTA |
n = 9 Radial shock wave therapy |
n = 9 Placebo |
Motor function (PROM) Motor impairment (MAS, FMA) Electrodiagnostic (echography) |
| Li et al. (2016) [14] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Dx: stroke Age (years): (I–A) 55.35 ± 3.05 (I–B) 56.80 ± 3.00 (C) 55.95 ± 2.64 Sex: 31% F, 69% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, MAS > 1, Stroke > 9 months |
Group A: n = 20 3 sessions of radial shock wave therapy Group B: n = 20 1 session of shock wave therapy |
n = 20 Placebo |
Motor impairment (MAS, FMA) |
| Mirea et al. (2014) [16] | Quasi-experimental pre-post | Dx: CP Age (months): 99.57 ± 53.74 Sex: 41% F, 59% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, MAS 1−3 |
n = 63 Shock wave therapy |
Motor function (GMFM) Motor impairment (MAS) Pain (QPS) |
|
| Moon et al. (2013) [13] | Quasi-experimental pre-post | Dx: stroke Age (years): 52.6 ± 14.9 Sex: 43% F, 57% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, MAS > 1+, Stroke > 1 month. |
n = 30 1 placebo session and 3 sessions of shock wave therapy |
Motor function (PROM) Motor impairment (MAS, FMA, clonus) Functional independence (dynamometric isocentric parameters) |
|
| Park et al. (2015) [17] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Dx: CP Age (years): (I) 7.0 ± 3.1 (C) 6.8 ± 2.3 Sex: 41% F, 59% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, gait |
n = 6 3 sessions of shock wave therapy and conventional rehabilitation programme |
n = 6 1 shock wave session and 2 placebo sessions and conventional rehabilitation programme |
Motor function (PROM) Motor impairment (MAS) |
| Radinmehr et al. (2016) [12] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Dx: stroke Age (years): 59 ± 13 Sex: 41% F, 59% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, independent gait, MAS > 1, Stroke > 1 month |
n = 12 Radial shock wave therapy |
Motor function (PROM, AROM) Motor impairment (MAS, PPFT, Hmax–Mmax) Functional independence (TUG) |
|
| Radinmehr et al. (2019) [29] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Dx: stroke Age (years): (I) 56.0 ± 12.3 (C) 56.2 ± 8.4 Sex: 40% F, 60% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, gait, MAS > 1, Stroke > 1 month |
n = 16 Radial shock wave therapy |
n = 16 Ultrasounds |
Motor function (PROM, AROM) Motor impairment (MAS, PPFT, Hmax–Mmax) Functional independence (TUG) |
| Santamato et al. (2014) [23] | Quasi-experimental pre-post | Dx: stroke Age (years): 57.6 ± 10.8 Sex: 34% F, 66% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, MAS > 1 <4 |
n = 23 Shock wave therapy |
Motor impairment (MAS) | |
| Sawan et al. (2017) [25] | Quasi experimental | Dx: stroke Age (years): (I) 50.6 ± 6.7 (C) 84.8 ± 5.9 Inclusion criteria: no BTA, MAS 1−2 |
n = 20 Shock wave therapy and conventional rehabilitation programme |
n = 20 Placebo and conventional rehabilitation programme |
Motor function (AROM) Motor impairment (Hmax–Mmax) Functional independence (Timed 10 m walk test) |
| Tirbisch et al. (2015) [40] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Dx: stroke Inclusion criteria: no BTA, MAS > 1+ |
n = 4 Radial shock wave therapy and conventional rehabilitation programme |
n = 4 conventional rehabilitation programme |
Motor function (PROM) Motor impairment (MAS, Tardieu Scale) |
| Vidal et al. (2011) [5] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Dx: CP Age (years): 31 Sex: 20% F, 80% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA |
n = 5 Radial shock wave therapy on spastic agonists. n = 5 Radial shock wave therapy on spastic agonists and antagonists |
n = 5 Placebo |
Motor function (AROM) Motor impairment (MAS) |
| Wang et al. (2016) [24] | Case-control | Dx: CP Age (months): (I) 26.9 ± 13.1 (C) 27.0 ± 14.2 Sex: 33% F, 67% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, MAS 1−4 |
n = 34 Shock wave therapy and conventional rehabilitation programme |
n = 32 Conventional rehabilitation programme |
Motor function (PROM, GMFM) Motor impairment (MAS) |
| Wu et al. (a/2018) [19] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Dx: stroke Age (years): (I) 59.6 ± 11.3 (C) 60.3 ± 9.9 Sex: 41% F, 59% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, gait, MAS 1-4, Stroke > 6 months |
n = 16 Radial shock wave therapy |
n = 15 Focused shock wave therapy |
Motor function (PROM) Motor impairment (MAS, Tardieu Scale) Functional independence (Timed 10 m walk test, plantar contact area) |
| Wu et al. (b/2018) [27] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Dx: stroke Age (years): (I) 60.0 ± 11.1 (C) 62.0 ± 10.2 Sex: 33% F, 67% M Inclusion criteria: no BTA, Stroke > 6 months |
n = 21 Shock wave therapy |
n = 21 BTA |
Motor function (PROM) Motor impairment (MAS, FMA) |
Dx: diagnosis; CP: Cerebral Palsy; F: Female; M: Male; BTA: Botulinum toxin; MAS: Modified Ashworth Scale, SCI: Spinal Cord Injury; PROM: passive range of movement; BMRS: Brunnstrom stages of motor recovery; FMA: Fugl-Meyer assessment; EMG: electromyography; IRT: thermography; VAS: Visual analogic Scale; GMFM: gross motor function classification system; QPS: questionnaire of pain caused by spasticity; AROM: active range of movement; TUG: Timed up and go test; PPFT: passive plantar flexor torque.