Figure 1.

Flow diagram illustrating the assessment of an infertile male. The choice of investigations undertaken should be tailored to the clinical presentation and consider available health resources. *Typical diagnostic characteristics are provided, but some patients may have atypical characteristics.

Abbreviations: CBAVD, congenital bilateral absence of vasa deferens; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; NOA, nonobstructive azoospermia; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin.