Table 2.

Causes and risk factors of testicular failure and genital tract abnormalities

Congenital
Klinefelter’s syndrome and variants
Male XX syndrome
Robertsonian translocation/inversions
Y chromosome microdeletions: partial and complete
Cystic Fibrosis
Novel monogenic mutations, eg, TEX11
Immotile cilia/Kartagener’s syndrome
Congenital cryptorchidism
Acquired
Infections, eg, mumps orchitis, echovirus, gonorrhea, chlamydia
Infiltrative disease, eg, TB
Testicular torsion or trauma or malignancy
Chemotherapy, pelvic irradiation, or surgery
Large varicoceles
Medications
Idiopathic
Environmental factors/systemic disease
Obesity
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals
Lifestyle factors, eg, alcohol, smoking, recreational drug use
Genital tract abnormalities (defect in sperm transport)
Obstruction: congenital absence of vas deferens, infections, vasectomy
Others: ejaculatory dysfunction

Abbreviation: TB, tuberculosis; TEX11, testis-expressed gene 11.