Effects of maternal pre- and post-conception diet on pup survival and morphometric outcomes. (A) Total litter size. (B) Number of stillborn pups. (C) Percentage of implantation sites additional to the number of pups born. (D) Sex ratio (% of male pups). (E) Pup length, males. (F) Pup length, females. (G) Pup weight, males. (H) Pup weight females. (I) Rat body mass index (rBMI), males. (J) rBMI, females. HFSD: high-fat-high-sugar diet. Letters denote post hoc differences between groups (p < 0.05). Data are mean ± SEM (n = 6–10). Panels A–D: Each data point represents the mean of one litter. Panels E–J: Each data point represents the mean of one litter per sex.