Table 1.
Participants’ sociodemographic and clinical characteristics at the first assessment.
| OB n = 15 |
OB + BED n = 13 |
NW n = 12 |
Test Statistics | Effect Size | p Value | Post-Hoc Tests | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |||||
| Age, years | 50.07 (17.64) | 42.71 (12.77) | 56.42 (18.66) | F(2, 37) = 1.88 | η² = 0.09 | 0.170 | |
| Sex, female: n (%) | 9 (60%) | 11 (79%) | 8 (67%) | V = 0.16 | 0.386 | ||
| Education: n (%) | V = 0.23 | 0.116 | |||||
| <12 years | 11 (74%) | 7 (54%) | 4 (33%) | ||||
| ≥12 years | 4 (27%) | 6 (46%) | 8 (67%) | ||||
| Body mass index, kg/m² | 39.23 (7.52) | 35.13 (5.24) | 23.60 (2.03) | F(2, 37) = 28.14 | η² = 0.60 | <0.001 | OB, OB + BED > NW |
| Weight status: n (%) | V = 0.71 | <0.001 | OB, OB + BED > NW | ||||
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) | 14 (93%) | 11 (85%) | 0 | ||||
| Overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²) | 1 (7%) | 2 (15%) | 0 | ||||
| Normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m²) | 0 | 0 | 12 (100%) | ||||
| Number of participants with comorbidities | 10 (67%) | 6 (46%) | 4 (33%) | Χ² (2, N = 40) = 2.8 | V = 0.26 | 0.247 | |
| Comorbidities: n (%) | V = 0.26 | 0.306 | |||||
| Hypercholesterolemia | 2 (13%) | 0 | 1 (8%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 6 (40%) | 3 (23%) | 4 (33%) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus (Type I or II) | 4 (29%) | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Thyroid diseases | 1 (7%) | 2 (15%) | 0 | ||||
| Pulmonary diseases | 1 (7%) | 2 (15%) | 0 | ||||
| Other | 1 (7%) | 2 (15%) | 0 | ||||
| EDE-Q global score | 2.44 (1.36) | 2.93 (1.02) | 0.64 (0.39) | F(2, 34.41) = 20.70 | η² = 0.47 | <0.001 | OB, OB + BED > NW |
| FCQ-T-r sum score | 34.46 (14.61) | 57.21 (13.63) | 19.17 (4.69) | H(2) = 24.30 | η² = 0.60 | <0.001 | OB + BED > OB > NW |
| BIS/BAS, BIS mean score | 2.95 (0.52) | 3.14 (0.57) | 2.63 (0.57) | F(2, 37) = 3.81 | η² = 0.17 | 0.031 | OB + BED > NW |
| BIS/BAS, BAS mean score | 3.13 (0.51) | 2.80 (0.28) | 3.00 (0.38) | F(2, 37) = 2.60 | η² = 0.12 | 0.086 | |
| DERS global score | 76.33 (22.48) | 98.33 (31.30) | 58.58 (9.74) | H(2) = 17.31 | η² = 0.42 | <0.001 | OB + BED > OB > NW |
Note: BAS, Behavioural Activation System; BIS, Behavioural Inhibition System; BMI, Body mass index; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; EDE-Q: Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire; FCQ-T-r, Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced; NW, Normal Weight; OB, Obesity; OB + BED, Obesity and Binge-Eating Disorder. Effect sizes for continuous variables were reported as η² and interpreted as small (0.01), medium (0.06), and large (0.14). Effect sizes for categorical variables were reported as Cramer’s V and interpreted as small (0.1), medium (0.3), and large (0.5).