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. 2020 Dec 30;10(1):33. doi: 10.3390/antiox10010033

Table 1.

Summary of oxidative stress-related renal programming following maternal insults in animal models.

Animal Models Species/Gender Age at Evaluation Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress Morphological Changes Renal Phenotype Ref.
Maternal caloric restriction diet, 50% SD rat/M 12 weeks ↑ ADMA, ↓ NO, ↑ Renal 8-OHdG expression ↓ NN, glomerular hypertrophy, ↑ tubulointerstitial injury ↔ GFR, hypertension [29,30]
Maternal low protein diet, 9% Wistar rat/M 12 weeks ↑ F2-isoprostane, ↓ glutathione Hypertension [31]
Streptozotocin-induced diabetes SD rat/M 12 weeks ↑ ADMA, ↓ NO ↓ NN, ↑ tuburo-interstitial injury ↔ GFR, hypertension [32]
Maternal suramin administration SD rat/M 12 weeks ↑ ADMA, ↓ NO Hypertension [33]
Maternal l-NAME administration SD rat/M 12 weeks ↑ Renal F2-isoprostane level Hypertension [34]
Maternal high-fructose diet, 60% SD rat/M 12 weeks ↑ Renal 8-OHdG expression, ↓ NO Hypertension [56]
Dexamethasone administration in lactation Wistar rat/M and F 12 weeks ↑ Renal MDA level, ↓ SOD and catalase activity ↑ Tubular necrosis ↑ Cr level [57]
Maternal plus post-weaning high-fructose diet, 60% SD rat/M 12 weeks ↑ Renal 8-OHdG expression Hypertension [58]
Maternal methyl-deficient diet SD rat/M 12 weeks ↑ Renal 8-OHdG expression ↔ Cr level, hypertension [59]
Maternal high methyl-donor diet SD rat/M 12 weeks ↑ Renal 8-OHdG expression ↔ Cr level, hypertension [59]
Maternal adenine-induced CKD SD rat/M 12 weeks ↑ ADMA, ↓ NO Renal hypertrophy ↔ Cr level, hypertension [60]
Prenatal dexamethasone at gestational day 15 and 16. SD rat/M 16 weeks ↓ Renal NO Hypertension [35]
Prenatal dexamethasone exposure plus postnatal high-fat intake SD rat/M 16 weeks ↑ Renal 8-OHdG expression, ↓ NO Hypertension [61]
Prenatal dexamethasone plus TCDD exposure SD rat/M 16 weeks ↑ Renal 8-OHdG expression, ↑ ADMA Hypertension [62]
Prenatal bisphenol A exposure plus high-fat diet SD rat/M 16 weeks ↑ Renal 8-OHdG expression, ↑ ADMA, ↓ NO Hypertension [63]
Reduced uterine perfusion SD rat/M 16 weeks ↑ Urinary F2-isoprostane level and renal NADPH-oxidase dependent superoxide Hypertension [64]
Maternal plus post-weaning high-fat diet, 58% SD rat/M 16 weeks ↑ Renal 8-OHdG expression Hypertension [65]
Maternal angiotensin II administration Wistar rat/M 18 weeks ↑ Renal ROS ↔ NN, ↑ tuburo-interstitial injury [66]
Prenatal LPS
Exposure		 Wistar rat/M 28 weeks ↑ Renal MDA level Hypertension [67]
Maternal di-n-butyl phthalate exposure SD rat/M and F 18 months ↑ Renal ROS Renal dysplasia, ↑ tuburo-interstitial injury [68]
Maternal high-fat diet C57BL/6 mice/M 9 weeks ↑ Renal 8-OHdG expression Renal hypertrophy Albuminuria [69]
Maternal smoking exposure Balb/c mice/M 13 weeks ↑ Renal ROS ↓ NN Albuminuria [70]
Prenatal betamethasone exposure at gestational day 80 and 81 Sheep/M and F 18 months ↑ ROS, ↓ NO Hypertension [71]

Studies tabulated according to species and age at evaluation. ADMA = asymmetric dimethylarginine; CKD = chronic kidney disease; Cr = creatinine; LPS = lipopolysaccharide. SD = Sprague Dawley; M = male; F = female; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; l-NAME = l-NG-Nitro arginine methyl ester; MDA = malondialdehyde; SOD = superoxide dismutase; NN = nephron number; TCDD = 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; 8-OHdG = 8-hydroxy-2′–deoxyguanosine; ↑= increased; ↓= decreased; ↔ = unaltered.