Table 2.

Summary of antioxidants used as reprogramming interventions in animal models of renal programming.

Antioxidant Intervention	Animal Models	Species/Gender	Age at Evaluation (Week)	Reprogramming Effects	Ref.
Natural antioxidants
Vitamin C 350 mg/kg/day i.p. daily at gestational day 8 to 14	Prenatal LPS Exposure	SD rat/M	12	↓ BP	[82]
α-tocopherol 350 mg/kg/day via gavage at gestational day 13 to 20	Prenatal LPS Exposure	Wistar rat/M	28	↓ BP	[67]
l-arginine, l-taurine, Vitamins C and E 2 weeks before until 8 weeks after birth	Genetic hypertension	SHR/M and F	9	↓ BP	[83]
l-arginine, l-taurine, Vitamins C and E 2 weeks before until 8 weeks after birth	Genetic hypertension	SHR/M and F	50	↓ BP, ↓ proteinuria	[84]
l-arginine, l-taurine, Vitamins C and E 2 weeks before until 4 weeks after birth	Genetic hypertension	FHH rat/M and F	36	↓ BP, ↓ proteinuria, ↓ glomerulosclerosis	[85]
0.25% l-citrulline in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Maternal caloric restriction diet, 50%	SD rat/M	12	↓ kidney injury, ↑ nephron number	[29]
0.25% l-citrulline in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Maternal streptozotocin -induced diabetes	SD rat/M	12	↓ BP, ↓ kidney injury	[32]
0.25% l-citrulline in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Prenatal dexamethasone exposure	SD rat/M	12	↓ BP	[35]
0.25% l-citrulline in drinking water 2 weeks before until 6 weeks after birth	Genetic hypertension	SHR/M and F	50	↓ BP	[86]
l-tryptophan 200 mg/kg BW/day via oral gavage in pregnancy	Maternal adenosine-induced CKD	SD rat/M	12	↓ BP, ↓ Cr level	[60]
BCAA-supplemented diet in pregnancy	Maternal caloric Restriction, 70%	SD rat/M	16	↓ BP	[87]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Maternal caloric restriction	SD rat/M	12	↓ BP	[30]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Maternal l-NAME exposure	SD rat/M	12	↓ BP	[34]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Maternal methyl-donor diet	SD rat/M	12	↓ BP	[59]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Maternal constant light exposure	SD rat/M	12	↓ BP	[88]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Maternal high-fructose diet, 60%	SD rat/M	12	↓ BP	[89]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Maternal high-fructose diet plus post-weaning high-salt diet	SD rat/M	12	↓ BP	[90]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Prenatal dexamethasone exposure	SD rat/M	16	↓ BP	[91]
0.01% melatonin in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Prenatal dexamethasone exposure plus post-weaning high-fat diet	SD rat/M	16	↓ BP	[92]
Melatonin 10 mg/kg/day in drinking water in pregnancy	Genetic hypertension model	SHR/M	16	↓ BP	[93]
0.05% resveratrol in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Maternal TCDD and dexamethasone exposures	SD rat/M	16	↓ BP	[62]
50 mg/L resveratrol in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Maternal bisphenol A exposure and high-fat diet	SD rat/M	16	↓ BP	[63]
50 mg/L resveratrol in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Maternal plus post-weaning high-fructose diet	SD rat/M	12	↓ BP	[58]
50 mg/L resveratrol in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Maternal l-NAME plus postnatal high-fat diet	SD rat/M	16	↓ BP	[94]
Synthetic antioxidants
Lazaroid 10 mg/kg/day via gavage in pregnancy	Maternal low protein diet, 9%	Wistar rat/M	12	↓ BP	[31]
MitoQ 500 µM in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Maternal smoking exposure	Balb/c mice/M	13	↓ BP, ↓ kidney injury, ↑ nephron number	[70]
Dimethyl fumarate 50 mg/kg/day via gavage in pregnancy	Prenatal dexamethasone and postnatal high-fat diet	SD rat/M	16	↓ BP	[95]
Tempol 172 mg/L in drinking water 2 weeks before until 8 weeks after birth	Genetic hypertension	SHR/Mand F	50	↓ BP, ↓ proteinuria	[96]
1% NAC in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Suramin administration	SD rat/M	12	↓ BP	[33]
1% NAC in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Maternal l-NAME exposure	SD rat/M	12	↓ BP	[34]
1% NAC in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Prenatal dexamethasone and postnatal high-fat diet	SD rat/M	12	↓ BP	[36]
1% NAC in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation	Genetic hypertension model	SHR rat/M	12	↓ BP	[97]

Studies tabulated according to types of antioxidant intervention, animal models and age at evaluation. BP = blood pressure. CKD = chronic kidney disease. Cr = creatinine. FHH = Fawn hooded hypertensive rat. L−NAME = N^G−nitro−L−arginine−methyl ester. M = male. F = female. NAC = N-acetylcysteine. BCAA = branched-chain amino acid. LPS = lipopolysaccharide. SD = Sprague-Dawley rat. SHR = spontaneously hypertensive rat. TCDD = 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; ↑= increased; ↓= decreased.