Figure 1.

An overview of Parkinson’s disease (PD): what do we know from the literature? (1) Traditional focus on a synuclein-centric and neuro-centric- approach, where researchers predominantly focused for the origins of PD in the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, there has been a shift in focus to look closer at the role of both (2) lifestyle and (3) environmental factors that result in (4) innate immune activation, in the development of PD; these 3 factors (depicted in (2), (3) and (4), directly impact and play a significant role in PD brain neurodegeneration. (5) Inflammagens and inflammatory cytokines from the periphery can translocate to the brain.